Non-Governmental Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Non-Governmental Organization - rise ExampleIn spite of that, an NGO is never constituted as a political party, a criminal group, a government body, or a violent guerilla agency. (Willetts, 2002) (Baehr Gordenker, 1986)In 1910, most 132 internationalistic NGOs formed a coalition under the name, the Union of International Associations. At that time, the NGOs had a variety of call for themselves including international institutes, international unions, and international organizations. Although the initial scheme of the UN charter did not consider any forge to combine forces with private organizations, a grand meeting at the San Francisco conference changed this fact. Thence came into being the get together Nations, in 1945. The participation of NGOs in UN greatly increased its role in the social and economic issues around the world, and it also raised the status of the Economic and Social Council to a principal organ. So, in order to name the two types of organizations involved in the UN, specialized agencies was the term doctor for organizations formed by intergovernmental agreements, while non-governmental organizations was set for private agencies. Both these terms were entered into the official UN vocabulary, but NGO gained a much larger popularity, curiously since the 1970s, and so entered into general use. (Willetts, 2002)GrowthThe number of NGOs increased exponentially after the Second World War, at the national and local level. On the international level, NGOs came into being supporting orbicular issues like human rights, rights of women, and sustentation of the environment. Along with these issues, international NGOs also gained importance in the matter of global politics associated with the UN and its subsidiary organizations. (Karns, 2008) (Ahmed Potter, 2006) more or less of the factors that have contributed to the growth of NGOs worldwide are given below (Karns, 2008) (Baylis Smith, 2001)Globalization.A rise in popularity of global issues l ike human rights, environmental protection, etc.An increase in international conferences held under the sponsorship of the United Nations. The brandish in technology, which lead to smooth communications between individuals or organizations through facsimile (fax), Internet, and e-mail.An increase in the popularity of democracy, which gave rise to the civil society and provided the opportunity to every person to constitute and manage organizations more freely. everyday RoleNGOs take part in a variety of activities. They provide significant information and consultancies to some(prenominal) governmental and international organizations, for instance agencies affiliated with the UN, regarding current global issues. The data supplied to these organizations is often not accessible to the local government. (Karns, 2008)NGOs may decide to have a particular policy to tread on, like illegalize of landmines, acted upon by the International Campaign to Ban

What an Amazing person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What an Amazing person - Essay archetypeHe was chubby, middle aged and he was wearing a green jacket and dirty pants. What I couldnt stand most was the stink of beer emanating from his mouth, as well as from the opened jar that he was holding. Although eat beer in public places is illegal, he was in no condition to care about such things. He was so drunk that he couldnt control his steps when he boarded the light rail. I tangle unfortunate, when, of exclusively the empty seats he could have chosen, he chose the one next to me. Having been brought into proximity this way, he immediately started talking to me. I felt awkward and embarrassed about the situation, especially with other passengers glancing at us curiously.I soon realized that I have no option but to perplex up with him. He talked about his life, and said I was a millionaire, but I lost everything now, including my house. He continued but I will never give up until I get all that is mine. I was surprised with his clari ty of thought even in such an inebriated state. But at the same time I did not take all his words for facts. He talked about how his inveterate illness led to one surgery after another, until he lost all of his wealth. He speak very emotionally about how he will fight on in life in spite of presently being in an unfortunate condition.Seeing that I was skeptical about his story, he prompted me remove him questions. He told me that he would answer any question I ask. Just to divert focus from his laborious personal life, I started talking about different countries. Qatar came into the discussion as it is my home country. He whence amazed me with his knowledge about the country. He listed Qatars recent foreign policies and how it has improved in the last 15 years. He also mentioned Sheik Hamad, the president of Qatar and Hamad Bin Jassim, the minister of foreign affairs of Qatar and how great were they in the political world. When he said that Qatar might be

Fifteen Questions on Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

xv Questions on Nursing - Essay ExampleHospitals also report that they squander had to turn away patients to new(prenominal)wise health facilities because they did not have enough staff to precaution for these patients (Hunt, 2009, p. 4). Hospitals have also been forced to need contract nurses to fill in nurse shortages caused by turnovers this often represends twice as a great deal as nurses employed by the hospitals. Nurse turnover has also been known to increase shortage in staff which has then led to increases in the passload of the remaining nurses. This has then created high levels of stress and exhaustion during work and in turn, an increase in the probability of medical errors (Hunt, 2009, p. 4). Eventually, many nurses end up quitting and choosing other careers in order to get away from these difficult work conditions. High levels of nurse turnover have also created an unstable workplace which then has negatively affected the retention of other health professional s. The cost of recruiting, hiring, and training new nurses has been increased by high turnover rates. The hospitals have also found themselves stiff up in trying to recruit new nurses because of the unfavourable stories shared by other nurses regarding the work conditions of the nursing profession (Hunt, 2009, p. 3). Accidents and absenteeism have also increased in incidence in the workplace. Accidents are caused by work stress and exhaustion. Reduced work enjoyment and fulfilment have also caused frequent absences. 2) Providing cover for patients is an important consideration for health service planners and providers. What factors should be considered in regard to privacy when providing nursing care? There are various factors which must be considered with regard to privacy of patients in the provision of nursing care. First and foremost, nurses and patients sometimes do not clearly understand the difference between privacy and confidentiality. not knowing what privacy and confide ntiality makes a health provider likely to abuse such practices. Nurses sometimes do not know that privacy refers to the right of individuals to control access to their breeding on the other hand, confidentiality refers to how nurses dole out private information once it has been revealed to other people, including themselves (Erikson and Millar, 2005). This privacy is now difficult to protect because of the current practices of digital and electronic technology, including electronic health records. These forms of technology are more difficult to secure and as such securing the privacy of patients is also more difficult. Nurses and other health professionals may sometimes be careless in accessing information about their patients that they allow such information open to other health professionals who are not part of the patients care team, and to other individuals in the hospital (Erikson and Millar, 2005). The current practice of exploitation electronic mails and charting is also vulnerable to errors with mails and messages being sent to the wrong party or being usher by the wrong party, thereby violating the privacy of the patient. Electronic information can also be sent easily to other care providers and this limits the privacy of the patient, limiting his ability to prevent his personal and medical information from being shared to other health professionals (Erikson and Millar, 2005). Health professionals themselves have become complacent in their traffic in securing their patient

The Kyoto Protocol and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Kyoto Protocol and the Environment - Essay ExampleBasically, globose warming is a negative environmental phenomenon that can lead to serious environmental problems, such as destruction of the environment, liberation of biodiversity, and pollution. According to environmentalist Richard Dahl, global warming is an environmental problem that leads to a rise in world temperatures that is caused by the constriction of greenhouse emission gases in air (Dahl). This rise in temperatures will lead to melting of one C Mountains, which will accession sea levels (Dahl). Therefore, most environmentalists around the world agree that greenhouse gases are the elementary reason behind the intensification of the global warming problem in the world. In his book, which is entitled Global warming The Complete Briefing, John Houghton explains that the concentration of carbon dioxide in high air levels is the main source of global warming (Houghton, p.10). The increase in world temperatures has d eadly diseases in many creatures and human beings, leading to the loss of biodiversity. As asserted by many environmentalists, the rise in temperatures has already led to a devastating decline in coral cover, which caused a parallel decline in fish biodiversity, both in marine reserves and in areas open to fishing. Over 75% of reef fish species have declined in abundance, and 50% have declined to less than half of their original numbers (Jones et al.). Therefore, global warming is a bad phenomenon that will lead to the disappearance of large parts of sea shores. Any attempt to effectively invade this phenomenon should work hard on minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases, which are the primary reason behind the increase in world temperatures.

Persuasive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive Speech - Essay ExampleFor every one of us, our s selectrhood was the precious show by the lord above. But wait, if it was a precious gift for us what about those unprivileged children who are poorly struck with the fears of poverty, fear of getting beaten up at work, more precisely, the child labor, fear of universe the victim of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. For all those children, childhood means nothing but a nightmare filled with abuses, injuries, pains and lots more.Today I will speak on Child Abuse. screw we spare a minute from our busy lives to think and act against all sorts of abuses to protect our children to save our proximo generation and our future leaders from all the evils dwelling in our society? Say no to child abuse. Help a child to restore his self-esteem and his confidence but most importantly, his childhood.I was impress to know when I read that a number of children die of abuse and extreme neglect than of earthy calamities. With the pa ssage of time, the percentage of child abuse is soaring day by day and unfortunately. I have never discover any right efforts or actions taken by the developed societies on this serious problem. How oblivious we are? Today, here with all my heart I condemn child abuse be it physical, emotional, mental or sexual. Every child has a right to live a life of freedom. They be the same share of happiness and joy as we deserved in our times and like many of the privileged children around the world.It is important to understand the term Child abuse before I breed further. Child abuse is a serious injury inflicted purposefully upon a child by anyone who is in the role of his caregiver. Child abuse can be physical, mental, emotional or sexual. Child abuse is a global issue which needs serious efforts by all of us. It has been affecting children from all age groups to 18 years of age. The percentage of reported child abuse cases are increasing day by day. However, it has been observed that a large number of child abuses

The Quick Wins Paradox Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Quick Wins Paradox Article polish up - Essay Exampleers reassurance to the leaders supervisor who believes to have made the right choice in promoting them, small-arm on the side of the team members it reveals to them whether to have confidence in their new selected supervisor or some some other team members (Buren &Safferstone, 2009).In most cases, the new leaders try to pursue early outcomes, never realizing that they may easily fall into some of the traps that may sabotage their accomplishment (Buren &Safferstone, 2009). This is a failure in equipment casualty of success to the organization. It also affects the other employees directly. The father who is part of his team criticized his behavior, but he has reacted negatively. This behavior comes from the employees having a mandate in an industry and they fail in one way or another (Buren &Safferstone, 2009). They oft feel any criticism to their side to be an act of attack or aggression.These actions may deem some of the team members leave the companies that they are employed. Since the young man is about to attain a period in Organizational leadership he believes that he has better ideas than his father. This is the reason he undercuts him and he ends up managing many of the projects by himself (Buren &Safferstone, 2009).The certainty and eager aspiration of the new team members frighten the rest of the associates, impeding them from performing to the expectations or getting to contribute to the projects of the organization. The father who is a technician is relying on his son to come up with better ideas that will facilitate his business to grow and also achieve his vision, but the son is altogether focusing on few details and leaving the critical issues out (Buren &Safferstone, 2009).Some of the new leaders and team members often jump into conclusion in trying to implement some solutions, instead of involving other team members in the decisions. This will significantly affect the outcome beca use there may not be a clear understanding (Buren &Safferstone, 2009).

Call of the Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Call of the Wild - Essay ExampleCurly was the victim who was set upon by the serenity of the pack when she could not get up on her feet. Buck learned one of the most worth(predicate) lessons in his life which the narrator records as The scene often came back to Buck to trouble him in his sleep. So that was the way. No fair play. Once down, that was the end of you. Well, he would see to it that he never went down. (capital of the United Kingdom 13). This is an simile on Social Darwinism. Bucks survival depends on himself as his environment practices a governing body of laissez faire. He transforms to survive.Buck learns to steal food to compensate for his meager rations. The narration says It marked his adaptability, his capacity to specify himself to changing conditions, the lack of which would have meant swift and terrible death. It marked, further, the decay or going to pieces of his moral nature, a vain thing and a handicap in the ruthless struggle for existence.(London 16). Buck steals food from his species and part alike. It is his competition for survival. When Buck steals food from his fellow compatriots, he is competing within his order of magnitude of dogs. Buck competes with the different society of man too. This illustrates Social Darwinism.Buck retains his inherent genes which are unchanged with the passage of timeless generations. This is evidence that London supports neo-Darwinism. The narration says They (the ancestors) quickened the obsolete life within him, and the old tricks which they had stamped into the heredity of the breed were his tricks. (London 17). However, London contradicts himself when he writes that His (Bucks) neonate cunning gave him poise and control.(London 17). Bucks newborn cunning has evolved by the process of Social Darwinism in responses to his social environment.Buck shows his hereditary traits in the hunt for the snowshoe rabbit. The narration says All that stirring of old instincts which at stated periods dri ves men out from the

Assessing risks arising from contamination of the aquatic environment Essay

Assessing risks arising from contamination of the aquatic environment with Bt toxin from GM corn (maize) proceeds litter in the USA - Essay Example(National Agriculture Statistics Service, 2009) Hypothesis To find out the advert of BT toxins on the aquatic environment if used without extensive risk assessment. What is the first impression you get when you peck the term, Genetically Modified Food? In recent years, speculation has renewed over the full effects, and possible consequences of genetic modification of organisms for the production, and augmentation of human food supplies. It is worthwhile to identify the specificities of the techniques involved to produce BT crops, as advantageously as other biotech innovations. To understand potential environmental and biological risk factors involved we must take into precisely what does and does not occur with genetically modified crops. This study testament explore techniques involved in producing genetically modified foods, their importance to agriculture, and the nature of the BT molecule/toxin. In addition, two other research projects will be summarized which explore possible side effects of BT toxin dispersing into the environment, as well as the frequency of that dispersion in the water table. BT technology must be a subject of discussion, both due to the popularity of this technique, by which pesticides can be incorporated directly into plant tissues constitutively and the possible far-reaching ramifications of such an inclusion. Both of these studies focus on corn/maize due to its prevalence but virtually both vegetable that has utility for cosmos is a possible target for genetic modification, in the interest of greater profit towards an increase in the human food supply. GENETIC MODIFICATION Genetically modified organism(GMO) An organism is genetically modified, if its genetic material has been changed in a way that does not occur under natural conditions by means of cross-breeding or natural r ecombination. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore forming bacterium that produces crystals protein (cry proteins), which are toxic to many species of insects. (University of California San Diego) GM crops are made using technology which allows Bt toxins to be introduced into crops, making them resistant to pests. For centuries, human beings have attempt to incorporate desired traits both in animal(prenominal)s and plants of human utility. Selective breeding has been employed to both as a means of eliminating undesirable traits, such as excessive ferocity in certain breeds of dogs, and greater sugar content as well as size increases for fruits and vegetables. Using ancient techniques agriculture was hold in to working within a single species in order to identify desirable, and undesirable traits - and then through successive generations to concentrate those virtues within the species that proved of highest economic benefit to humanity. Or as the case may be, to winnow out thos e traits that ran counter to human interests. Genetic modification broadens the set of tools available to agriculture, agribusiness, and eventually to animal husbandry. What if we were not limited by the genes within a single species? What if it were possible to use genes from virtually any species and incorporate them into crops? Perhaps the particular globular proteins present in a deep-sea fish which

BUDWEISER Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BUDWEISER - Term Paper ExampleAnheuser -Busch is a create from raw material companion in America that was started in 19th century. The present smart set name was adopted in cc4 after a successful merger of the company with Ambev. One of the beer markings that have giant global comprehension is Budweiser. The revenues earned from main brands are found to be growing at a rate of 7.8% in each hectoliter. The company produces other 200 brands that are sold locally, internationally and demesnewide. It is one among the largest companies in beer labor globally also Budweiser is popular in linked States and other parts in the world. In twentieth century, alcohol products were prohibited in America, and this was one challenge that this company faced. This made the founder of this brewing company embark on alcoholic drinks up to 1933 when the prohibition ended. World war contributed to the reduction in mathematical operation of the beer firm as it led to economic recession. In strateg izing to stool back market for Budweiser beer brand, the company argued the customers to hold up take this beer for five days. In testing the quality of the brand, the customers were promised that if their test did not shift from the other beers, whence they can disregard Budweiser as the best beer. The company management team focuses to ensure the brands meet the consumers interests and expectations. The company initiated procedures used in getting customers for companys brands. In 1936, this brand started being packaged in metallic cans, which made many consumers prefer this beer to others. While most of the brewing companies were collapsing due to competition, this brand was open to bear the situation. Although the sales reduced significantly, Budweiser Company remained to be a leading company in the beer industry., and it brand has for years maintained lead in the markets although there was competition. Industry Structure and Global Market AB InBev Company gets a lot of comp etition in the industry from other competing firms that are coming up. Because of gamy history of its operation, the well known companys brands enjoys monopoly although partially. Beer industry is open despite huge be of operations especially advertising that constrain new investors. This means only the company that are competitory can survive the market conditions, because beer industry has risen by 41% in the world as compared to other sectors. This can be attributed to peoples change of tests in which today people exigency high quality beer and not just alcohol, because alcohol drinks stock sales are rising at 4.8% rate annually. In this industry, most of the brewing companies are merging with others to form a stronger footprint to get larger market command. Budweiser is one of main alcohol brands with recognition all over the world (Bamforth & Bamforth 2011). In international market arena, the company has 25% of total world market portion, while in United States, AB InBev co mpany accounts for 48% of the total market in brewing sector. Apart from Budweiser brand, Anheuser Busch inBev has other 200 types of brews. AB InBev Company is main brewery in United States but it possesses outlets across the world. The company has outlets open in more than twenty countries across the world, thus company can employ over 100, 000 people for contrary job positions. Three companys brands get market recognition in various regions of the world globally. Most company

Earnings Method Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Earnings Method Management - Assignment ExampleIf Invalid, tenableness It is invalid because the explode of work is not an acceptable milepost. If Invalid, Reason If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because there is no milepost in completion 3 and work was left to be sinless. If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because there is no milestone in the second measurement plosive speech sound. If Invalid, Reason If Invalid, Reason If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because no more than 80% of the value of the next periods milestone can be mean in the catamenia period. If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because it extends to more than two consecutive measurement periods and more than two earning points have been established. If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because it spans more than two measurement periods and t has more than two earning points. If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because the wide-cut work package should be 100% and there s no indication that the work forget continue into the next period. If Invalid, Reason If Invalid, Reason If Invalid, Reason It is invalid because the totals of the percentage ratios do not gibe up to 100% of the total work package and there is no indication that the work is current to the next period. ... The first undefiled earning point was in period 2 and the project was completed in period 2. Comments The 50% is earned when the project actually starts in period 1. However, the project was not completed until period 3 even though it was scheduled to be completed in period 2. Therefore, the planned earning point (period 2) is earlier than the completed earning point (perod 3). Comments The work package was scheduled to start in period 2 and end in period 3 however, it was started earlier in period 1 and completed in period 2. Therefore, the earnings came much earlier than anticipated. Comments The planned milestones are earlier than the completed milestones and so the planned values are earned in subsequent periods. The work cont inues into the next period when milestone 3 will be completed and the final budgeted amount of ?20,000 will be earned. Comments The planned milestones were for periods 1, 2 and 3. However, the completed milestones occurred in periods 2 and 3. Therefore, half of the budgeted amount was earned n period 2 and the early(a) half in period 3. Comments The planned milestones were for periods 1 and 2. However, the milestones were completed in periods 1 and 2. The first milestone was completed before the scheduled start of the work package. Comments The plan was for the work to start early in period 1 and to be completed in period 2. However, the work started late in period 2 and was still ongoing at the end of period 3. The milestones were planned for period 1 and 2 but the first milestone was not accomplished until period 3 due to the late start. just 60 workdays were completed at the end of period 3. Comments The work started a little late and so the milestones

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 4 SLP Essay

MHE503 Survey of compulsion and Disaster Mgt Module 4 SLP - Essay ExampleOver the past lambert years these storms shake off become more destructive and jamaging to lives and property. Experts link these changes in storms strengths to global warming. With global warming, tropical or agricultural countries such as the Philippines ar the ones that see the devastating feelings of nature. With the onslaught of these typhoons, floods are sure as shooting to follow. Because of the spate of rain that falls, dams reach their critical levels and can cause flooding to agricultural areas. In these cases, tied(p) hydroelectric power plants fatality to enforce essential crises plans to assist the communities that may be hit with the dam overflow (Ingles, n.d.).When storms hit the Philippines, the damage to lives and property are devastating. The storms also create a domino effect on low-lying coastal towns. When strong typhoons hit the country, even towns that forget not be promptly h it by the storm feel its effect through the torrential downpour of rain. This downpour results in landslides and flooding. Since the Philippines is a agricultural country, rains from typhoons not only damage crops but floods totally destroy farmlands. It will puzzle years before the land becomes ideal for vegetation growth and these results in loss of income for farmers and their families who rely on the land. Inconsistent weather patterns have been attributed to global warming (Ng, 2009).Disaster that results from nature ... This monitoring means that they will forecast which provinces will be directly affected by typhoons. There are two moderates in the Philippines. One is the wet season the other is the dry season. The wet season lasts from June to November, while the dry season is from December to May. Being an agricultural country, the land relies on rainfall to propagate farms. Typhoons can change the volume of rain that will fall, and this can destroy crops. Among its regio ns and provinces Baguio city, eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao receive the most rainfall annually. Baguio urban center has the lowest temperatures, almost similar to those of countries with temperate climates (PAGASA, n.d.).In preparing for disaster response, one of the first steps that need to be implemented is the deployment of response by the local government. This initial response needs to be supplemented by volunteer response groups and neighboring communities. After this initial response, the state will then respond to the emergency that will then assess the extent of the damage to lives and property. This assessment will determine if the damages are extensive in order for government funds to be released in these emergency situations (Hazard moderateness, 2009). One of the most damaging typhoons in terms of property that hit the Philippines over the past fifty years was Milenyo (international name Xangsane). The storm hit the Philippines on October 25, 2006 (PAGASA, n.d.) and the total damages to lives and property amounted to P6.610B with six of its long dozen regions affected. The capital of country, Metro Manila or National Capital Region felt the onslaught of this superior

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Employee Relations - rise ExampleUnemployment rates in the European countries have risen rapidly and the general production fruit in virtually every sector (service, manufacturing, public) has dropped during the two year period 2008-2009 as compared to previous long time (Gennard, 2009). In several cases, organizations are challenged not primarily by the need to generate profits, but preponderantly by the need to survive. In that respect, firms have proceeded into a number of initiatives and measures in their attempt to reduce be (increase efficiency) and simultaneously sustain part of their competitiveness, especially in the current turbulent market economies and environments (Gennard and Judge, 2005 Rose, 2004). According to Gennard (2009) employee relations have been at the spot of light during these years of deferral, particularly in labor intensive industries and sectors, where the quest of efficiency clearly pertains to the cutting back of costs allocated to the human re sources. As demand decreases, production is pushed pile and in turn the need for human resources becomes highly controllable (Hartley Kite et al., 2010). As Farnham (2000) notes, economic recession and employee relations are largely interrelated in that the first clearly impacts the second within the overall organizational environment.Lewis et al. (2003) define employment relationships as fundamental exchanges between employers and employees under the agreement of providing mental and fleshly labor on the part of the employees, whereas the employers abide to offer rewards for the services provided. Rose (2004) further states that the overall study of employee relations does not simply pertain to the physical employment contract but on the psychological contract between the two parties (employees and employers). Employee relations are focused on the establishment of grounds in which

Personal Identity in Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Identity in Facebook - Essay ExampleAs it has been stated, A sociological approach to ego and identity begins with the assumption that there is a reciprocal relationship amidst the self and society (Stets & Burke n.d p.1). In other words, one cannot situate themselves without society. Personal identity is, therefore, who one is in relation to society. Such a society does not only exist in the physical world, alone in the digital world as well. As it has been written, Social networks such as Facebook can be of great influence in the way all of us in society shape our in-person identities. The importance of this relationship can easily be seen when social networking is the main form of communication between certain close relatives. The way that family members interact online is intriguing to study. The network can act as a variable that changes behavior. Changes in behavior due to online versus in-person communications and activities have been proven. For example, when st udying the difference in consumer behavior online it was found that online buyers tend to be more critical and flighty than in person. This is due to the position that comparison shopping in easy. (Degeratu et al 2011). Personal Identity Background There has been so such(prenominal) important work done in this particular field that there are countless contrary methods that are actually used in the networks themselves (Abrudan 2011 p. 25). Some of the main elementary operations that deal this instant with ain identity are things such as creating a personal profile. Creating personal profile is unremarkably the first thing that visitors asked to do on almost all of the major social networks, including Facebook. The profile exit be the first step of the process of conveying much personal information. Of course, they ask for the most basic personal things such as name, age, birthday, and other things for stationing purposes. Those who sign up to be a part of this digital commun ity first introduce themselves by granting their basic definition. The information that they give is part of how they desire to define themselves. Although it is polite habit, self introduction is rarely called for in todays society. One need not tell who they are when they enter a mall, for example. This is something that is uniquely common online. It has an effect on how people identify themselves in their minds. After the initial identifying information is completed, there are usually more questions and surveys that work to show more some the person. These questions are of all kinds and in various areas such as hobbies, inte resides, favorite things, relationships, personal preferences, friends, family, contact information, and many other related topics. These are the kinds of questions that require the person to think seriously about who they are. They must decide just how much about themselves that they might be willing to share with the rest of the world. Once they have read through all of the questions that they are asked, some even go hind end over their answers, making sure the answers given are conveying the

My role as an Officer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My occasion as an Officer - Essay sheathI also have been adroit to specialize in operating maritime vehicles this is not something that each Warrant Officer will be responsible for, however each will specialize in some field such as with aircraft, special units and equipment, organized tasks and other events. I have been trained to specialize in maritime vehicles because so many other roles inside the Army are not so focused Army force are generally trained in a teeny-weeny of every aspect of the entire organization and it is my job and the job of other Warrant Officers to take the idle words on tasks that require a deeper knowledge base.Another important part of my job is to function as a teacher for other Army personnel. I possess the skills to train a variety of personnel in general studies as well as to help recruits who have been chosen to specialize pull out their studies underway. It is up to me to share my own knowledge of how the Army is organized and how each person fulfills a role within that framework so that every new recruit understands their function and what they are responsible for within the larger unit. As a Junior Warrant Officer, I was involved more in the everyday tasks of my unit dealing with machinery and exercises.

Addiction and the Aging Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Addiction and the maturement - Term Paper ExampleChallenges which professionals face in relation to these addictions shall similarly be presented in this paper. The focal point of such addictions shall also be considered for this paper, especially in relation to support and sober living facilities for the elderly. at that place are different types of addiction which are currently manifesting in the elderly population. Since the 1990s, experts countenance noted the move of alcohol abuse among the older adults the group which they refer to as the hidden population (Smith). They highlight the situation that among older adults, about 1.1 and 2.3 million citizens use alcohol in order to relieve their loneliness and their anxiety. The greater issue with this problem stems down from the fact that it is not given as much attention by the medical community. As a result, alcohol addiction among the elderly is rising and is not being intercommunicate as a health issue. Consequently, st udies point out that as much as 10% to 15% of health issues among elderly adults are actually attributed to alcohol abuse (Smith). It is also a difficult cark to detect among elderly adults because it mimics other conditions which usually manifest in the elderly population. These conditions and symptoms may include enounce aches and pains, insomnia, loss of sex drive, depression, loss of memory, and anxiety (Smith). Many elderly adults also live isolated lives and have limited opportunities for socialization as a result, their issue is often not noticed until it has turned into an addiction. til now then, it is difficult to undergo the process of rehabilitation among older adults because of their unwillingness to cooperate and because of their attitude against change (Smith). The fact that society is more likely to ignore the issue among older adults also exacerbates this problem.Drug abuse is also one of

Round Rock High School Essay Example for Free

Round Rock High School EssayA enlighten that has history, this instruct was established in 1867 and went public in 1888. Looking at RRHS when you first pull up visitms like a descent size school with a modest old look. When you drive close to the school it is expanded out much like a junior college and has a college sapidity. There be 11 constructions on this campus not including their football field, track, marching band pad, baseball field and the amount of park for both students and rung. Parking is amazing at this school. Plenty of lay for round and faculty in campaign of the main expression as well up as plenty in the back of the building. Student parking is separated from the staff and faculty parking and plenty of it to go almost for the students. All parking rafts ar nicely paved, with proper markings for all cars to park in with no confusion. Neighborhood around the school is a safe environment, no 2nd or 3rd tier living conditions around this school. san itization around the school is well kept and no loitering of strangers around the school.Security precautions are pretty practice by means ofout the school, instructors keeping eyes on the hallways, local police car parked in staff parking lot. However thither was no sign of any Police officers on campus. There are security cameras mounted on top of the buildings leading in and out of each building. Outside of refreshful buildings on this campus are all surrounded by windows so its pretty easy to see who is coming and going. The vegetation around the school is really lush unripe and lots of it in any open area there is available. Inside the main campus there is even a patch of green grass in the middle for students to sit on and study if so desire. As for students most students prepare pretty casually and up to style, not so much of the sagging pants or hiked up skirts. Pretty decently respectful clothing, however there are a few students that are a little rebellious here an d there and wear shirts that show there midriff or holes through out there pants.Most students seem to be very respectful to one another when spillage in the hall ways. There isnt any loitering before school starts in front of the school. inner of school is very nice and open in main building.Admissions office is separate from Principle/ organization office. Not very user friendly to navigate around at first and as an percipient you blend in with the students so most faculty or staff dont even notice you, or offer to help. Assistant Principal extremely nice and warm welcoming to visitors, students, staff and faculty, not really up to date on what day the school is on A or B day. RRHS is one of many schools that works off of block scheduling so students are not crammed with so many breakes in one day save have longer classes to obtain to a greater extent in dression from. The main building is the oldest building on the campus and will probably be the next building to be torn dow n to be rebuilt for more classes and faculty.The other 10 buildings are pretty well kept and if not new to the school such as buildings 1100, 1000, 500, 700 and maybe another building or two. Windows in all buildings were extremely clean and made you have that nice warm fuzzy feeling of walking into a building that seems to be well taken care of. All hallways from observation seemed to be clutter free, minus the 100s of students passing by. Decorations were inside protected cases built in the jetty mostly for organization and observation appearance. Each building had 2 3 sets of bathrooms in them minus the ROTC building who had one set due to the building being strictly for ROTC. Bathroom quality of the males latrine was clean, graffiti free and ammonia smelling free. Overall great quality of the interior of the building very impressed with cleanliness. Spanish III AP Stacy Dam/Teacher and Bethany Taylor/Student Teacher was the first class to be observe and from walking in the cl ass seemed well organized and students seem to fill in the routine of the class.Upon comer most students were already in their desks doing their morning exercise for the class. The students were seated in traditional classroom formatrows. By the time the tardy bell rang there were two stragglers that walked in from the hallways talking with their friends. These were the guys that were to cool for school, you know the type hats on backwards, sagging pants no books and pretty much unprepared for class. When students walked into class they picked up there hand outs before sitting down along with pens if needed. After about 15 minutes into class everyone stood up for Pledge of Allegiance and Honor Texas Flag. Honor Texas Flag is new since 9/11 and believe Texas is the only state that does this for its public education system. After the Pledge of Allegiance the students were given up 30 minutesto prepare for class to which most students had already done the work or some but wasted ti me.The instructors did vigour and just spoke to one another not paying any financial aid to the students. Pretty disappointing to observe, after 30 min. had passed by, the teacher spoke to the class in Spanish and slope explaining what they were going to do next. She then wrote a sentence on the board and spent another 15 minutes explaining word by word, grammar and sentence structure. She was very monotone and showed no sense of interest in making the class environment exciting, the students seemed very bored in class. The fluent speakers in class confront on with their gossip as if the teacher didnt even exist. After detect this class I found it to be a low simpleness low warmth climate due to the lack of rules and discipline in the classroom as well as the lack of teacher involvement in class with the students. The teacher do byd most of what was going on and mostly focused on article of belief what she was obligated to do for the day with no disregard to the students t hat wanted to learn.I found that there was a lack of classroom management for the same reasons as the climate. No assertion in rules, no discipline, no rewards, and not trying to get the class out of there cliques to work with others. What I versed from observing this class is to make sure there is always classroom involvement and to communicate with the students. I observed a second Spanish (class level 1) and was blown away from the differences. I did however walk into this class by mislead information from the Assistant Principal telling me this class room was a German class. This class was taught by a Mr. Castillo who had transferred there from Spain. The classroom was very well organized with additional books as extras to those who forgot there materials. Spanish alphabet on the wall, posters from Spanish speaking countries around the room, random vocabulary around the room to catch the students interest. Mr. Castillo was yet another monotone teacher, however he had an welfar e attitude at the same time.He was a very patient teacher with the freshman and there remarks to everything that was taught to them. Most of the students were attentive to the teacher, there were however a few that I saw reading books that had null pertaining to their subject. Others were listening to Ipods and lastly there was a food cart that would come by and students would get up in the middle of his lecture to get food. The teacher continued on with his lecture as ifnothing happened and the students that left to buy food would miss out on what he had to say. During the question session of what he had just taught them, most students seem to answer his questions and were praised lightly regardless of their answer. He was very positive with them but had a lack of rules and boundaries for the students. I felt the students took advantage of this and used it to their advantage. When a student had given a wrong answer all students would call this student out and let them know there m istake.The teacher did nothing to stop the students and let the verbal bashing continue. While this continued he continued on with his doubting I believe to bypass the issue and stay on topic or to just ignore the issue still not sure yet. I found this class to be low control high warmth climate due to the praise he would give but lack of rules he would have. The classroom management was better than the previous Spanish class I had attended but could emphatically be improved. What I found interesting about this class was no matter how many interruptions the teacher had he seemed to care about the students that were really trying in the class and found ways to continue the motivation.An example of this would be walking up to the student that was paying attention and giving them a smile or a quick pat on the back to show his appreciation. This showed me how much the students responded to these little interactions and learned that if I do this with all students maybe I could have the same outcome for all the students. In conclusion I found this school to be more concerned about appearances than the education that is given to the students. I did observe three other classes but unfortunately dont have the station to write about them. However they did all pretty much fall in the same address as the first two.

Katherine Mansfield Essay Example for Free

Katherine Mansfield raiseShe was born in 1888 in Wellington, a town labeled the empire city by its dust coat inhabitants, who modeled themselves on British invigoration and relished their citys bourgeois respectability. 1 At an early age, Mansfield witnessed the disconnection between the colonial and the native, or Maori, airs of breeding, prompting her to criticize the treatment of the Maoris in several diary entries and short stories.2 Mansfields biographer, Angela Smith, writes It was her childhood experience of living in a society where one way of bread and butter was enforce on another, and did not quite fit in that sharpened her modernist impulse to direction on moments of disruption or encounters with strange or disturbing aspects of life. 3 Her feelings of disjuncture were accentuated when she arrived in Britain in 1903 to pick up Queens College. In numerous respects, Mansfield remained a lifelong outsider, a traveler between cardinal seemingly similar yet pro foundly different worlds.After briefly returning to New Zealand in 1906, she moved back to Europe in 1908, living and writing in England and patchs of continental Europe. Until her premature death from tuberculosis at the age of 34, Mansfield remained in Europe, leading a Bohemian, unconventional way of life. The house servant Picturesque Mansfields short story Prelude is set in New Zealand and dramatizes the disjunctures of colonial life through an account of the Burnell familys move from Wellington to a country village.The story takes its title from Wordsworths seminal poem, The Prelude, the set-back version of which was completed in 1805, which casts the poet as a traveler and chronicles the growth of a poets mind. 4 Although the Burnell family moves a mere six miles from town, the move is not inconsequential it enacts a break with their previous way of life and alerts the family members to the variant discontinuities in their lives. Beneath the veneer of the Burnells harmoni ous domestic life be faint undercurrents of aggression and unhappiness.The haunting specter of a mysterious aloe plant and a slaughtered duck in their well-manicured curtilage suggests that the familys aw amply nice new-fashioned home conceals moments of brutality and ignorance toward another way of life that was suppressed and denied. 5 As I will propose, these two incidents echo the aesthetical concept of the rattling(a), as they close in a mysterious power that idolatrys its beholders and cannot be fully contained within their hand whatever home.Through her baffling, dream- interchangeable prose, Mansfield deploys traditional aesthetic conventions like the elegant while simultaneously transfiguring, subverting, and reinventing them in a modernist context. The concept of the picturesque was first delimit by its originator, William Gilpin, an 18th century artist and clergyman, as that kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture. 6 Thus, a scene or representation is be autiful when it echoes an already-established, artistic conception of beauty, dampening the self-reinforcing way in which art creates the measuring rod of beauty for both art and life.Mansfield presents these picturesque moments in order to demystify them and reveal the suppression and violence they contain. In addition to Prelude, her stories Garden Party and Bliss dramatize the transformation and eversion of picturesque moments of bourgeois life and domestic harmony. While she seems to exhibit a certain attachment to these standard aesthetic forms, Mansfield subtly interrogates many of these conventions in a strikingly modernist way. Through her childhood in a colony, Mansfield besides became attuned to the violence and inequalities of colonialism.As Angela Smith suggests, her early writings demonstrate a keen aesthesia towards a oppress history of brutality and duplicity. 7 In her 1912 short story How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped, she questions and all overturns the survey of the colonialist, whose vantage point historically trumps that of the native. The deliberate ambivalence of the word kidnapping dramatizes the conflict between the settlers perspective and Pearls joyful, eye-opening experiences during her abduction. In a similar way, empire dramatized for Mansfield the way that a picturesque, bourgeois household could suppress alternative perspectives.The Sublime In Prelude, the mysterious, terrific aloe plant disrupts the pleasant domesticity of the Burnell household. Their well-manicured yard with its tennis lawn, garden, and orchard also contains a wild, unseemly sidethis was the frightening side, and no garden at all. 8 This side contains the aloe plant, which exerts a mysterious, enthralling power over its awed beholders. In its resemblance to the ocean, the aloe assumes the characteristics of the sublime the high school grassy bank on which the aloe rested rose up like a wave, and the aloe seemed to ride upon it like a shop with the oars l ifted.Bright moonlight hung upon the lifted oars like water, and on the green wave glittered the dew. 9 For many writers and poets, the ocean was a manifestation of the sublime because of its immeasurable power and scale that awed and humbled its observers. The aloes strikingly physiological effect on its viewers recalls Edmund Burkes sublime, which overpowers its observer and reinforces the limitations of human reasonableness and control. In his famous treatise on the sublime, Burke writes greatness of dimension, vastness of extent or quantity is a powerful cause of the sublime, as it embodies the violent and overpowering forces of nature.10 In a similar vein, the child, Kezia Burnells first impression upon seeing the fat swelling plant with its cruel leaves and fleshy stem is one of awe and wonder. 11 In this case, the sublimity of the aloe plant disrupts and challenges the domestic picturesque as it defies mastery, categorization, and traditional notions of beauty. In its resis tance to categorization and control, the sublime embodies the part of the ungovernable landscape that the Burnell family cannot domesticate and the picturesque cannot frame.As a result, in Prelude, the magnitude of the sublime interrupts and fractures the tranquil surface of the picturesque by exposing the unfathomable depths beneath it. The colonial backdrop of the Burnells yard also contributes to the mysterious, occult power of the aloe. This unruly part of their property hints toward a landscape that eludes domestication and serves as a constant reminder that the Burnell family is living in a land that is not quite theirs and cannot be fully tamed.12 At the age of 19, Mansfield wrote that the New Zealand bush outside of the cities is all so gigantic and tragicand blush in the bright sunlight it is so passionately secret. 13 For Mansfield, the bush embodies the history of a people whose lives look at been interrupted and disset(p) by European settlers. 14 After wars, brutal col onial practices, and European diseases had devastated the local Maori population, the bush became a haunting monument to their presence.As the Burnell family settles down to sleep on the first night in their new home, far away in the bush there sounded a harsh rapid chatter Ha-ha-ha Ha-ha-ha. 15 In her subtle way, Mansfield unveils the voices of those whose perspectives atomic number 18 excluded from this portrait of nocturnal domestic harmony. In a similar way, the aloe plant exudes an unfathomable history that is beyond the time and place of the Burnells. Even its ageimplied by the detail that it flowers once every(prenominal) hundred yearssuggests that the aloe exists on a different scale than its human beholders.16 In its ancient, superhuman scale, the aloe gestures towards the gigantic, indicating a subtle, but implicitly threatening power within, or in proximity of the home. The aloe is a kind of blank in the imperial landscape of New Zealand, whose power threatens the col onial household and its control over the landscape. 17 By disrupting and encroaching upon the ostensibly safe domestic sphere, the aloe also echoes the unheimlich, or uncanny, an aesthetic concept explored by Sigmund Freud in his 1919 essay, The Uncanny. The uncanny becomes, in part, an invasive force violating the sacred, domestic sphere and hearkens back to a previously repressed or hidden impulse The uncanny is someaffair which ought to have remained hidden but has come to light. 18 In Prelude, the aloe is initially depicted as a threatening force that might have had claws instead of roots. The curving leaves seemed to be hiding something. 19 Positioned within the safe space of their property, the aloe is a menacing, ungovernable force that seems to encroach upon it.The plant becomes part of the repressed history of the landscapea history that is lone(prenominal) app arnt to Kezia, her mother Linda Burnell, and her grandmother Mrs. Fairfield, who are attuned to the forces below the surface of the picturesque exterior. Violent Underpinnings Beneath many of Mansfields picturesque domestic scenes are moments of violence and rupture. In Garden Party, for instance, a poor man falls to his death during the preparations for a much-anticipated complaisant gathering of the wealthy Sheridan family, undermining the convivial spirit of the occasion.In Prelude, Pat, the handyman, slaughters a duck while the children watch with fantastic enthrallment as it waddles for a few steps after being decapitated. The crowning wonder of the asleep(predicate) duck walking hearkens back to Burkes sublime, which is experienced in Prelude within the enclosure of the private residence. 20 The sublimity of this apparent defiance of the properties of death acts as a dramatic external force fantastic on the observers intellect and reason in a profoundly Burkian way.But later that night, when the duck is placed in front of the patriarch, Stanley Burnell, it did not look as if it had ever had a head. 21 The ducks picturesque dressingits legs tied together with a piece of string and a wreath of little balls of stuffing round itconceals its violent death. 22 In a similar way, the awfully nice picturesque house is imposed upon the landscape, as if it had never been any other way. 23 Through reconfiguration and transformation, a new imperial order conceals the fact that an older order once lay beneath it.In both cases, the picturesque functions as a way of naturalizing the violent order of domination. As Pats golden earrings distract Kezia from her grief over the ducks death, the ducks pretty garnish conceals its basted resignation. 24 There is no much(prenominal) thing as a pure aesthetics, Mansfield seems to suggest, as each serene moment is implicated in some act of violence, brutality, or suppression. In Prelude, the good-natured Pat disrupts a pre-existing picturesque scene in which ducks preen their dazzling breasts amidst the pools and bushes of yellow flow ers and blackberries.25 Tellingly, the duck pond contains a bridge, a typical feature of the picturesque that reconciles or bridges the gap between different aspects of the scenery. In this way, the Burnell familys cultivation of the land by planting and slaughtering ducks disrupts another underlying order. Their unquestioning appropriation of this pre-existing order mirrors the way colonial life disrupted and undermined the indigenous Maori life. Juxtaposing two picturesque scenes that interrupt and conflict with one another, Mansfield questions and unravels the conventional image of the picturesque.This interplay of various conflicting aesthetic orders constitutes part of Mansfields modernist style, in which aesthetic forms are ruptured, fragmented, and overturned. As the yards landscape bears traces of the Maori past, so the quiet harmony of the Burnells domesticity is underscored by deep, unspoken tensions and an animosity that hints at the uncanny. In fact, the only character w ho expresses any contentment is Stanley, who reflects, By God, he was a perfect fool to feel as happy as this 26 Yet even he shudders upon entering his new driveway, as a port of panic overtook Burnell whenever he approached near home.27 Beneath this veneer of marital bliss and familial harmony, his wife Linda at times ignores her children and expresses hatred towards her husband and his aggressive sexuality there were times when he was frighteningreally frightening. When she screamed at the top of her voice, You are killing me. 28 Meanwhile Stanley and Beryl, Lindas sister, seem to have a flirtatious, indecent descent Only last night when he was reading the paper her false self had stood beside him and leaned against his shoulder on purpose.Hadnt she put her hand over his so that he should see how white her hand was beside his embrown one. 29 Dramatizing these dynamics, Mansfield suggests that a happy household outside of town is not as dirt cheap as Stanley boasts it comes at the cost of servitude, sexual aggression, and a ravaged Maori landscape. 30 Through these layers, which Mansfield subtly strips off one at a time, she artfully exposes the way that an existing political and aesthetic order is not what it seems to be or how it has always been.Her short stories are fraught with their own tensions while exposing the picturesque as false and absurd, she even so draws on its conventional associations. Similarly, her subtle attempts to question colonial power are embedded in a seemingly idealized portrait of colonial life. Mansfield creates a seemingly beautiful or normal image, such as the happy family in Prelude, Bliss, or Garden Party, and then slowly challenges it through a subtle counter-narrative.In this way, her deployment of modernist techniques is less pronounced than that of James Joyce and her other modernist contemporaries. Just as she challenges aesthetic conventions, Mansfield unravels the readers ideas about her own stories by presenting a seemingly beautiful, transparent narrative that is haunted by tensions, lacunae, and opacity. deal the headless walking duck, these fictions of transparency and harmony quickly collapse upon closer inspection.

My Life in Pink Essay Example for Free

My Life in Pink EssayThe story of this sensitively-handled film concerns a young MtF transsexual(prenominal). It is by turns comic and heartbreaking. Seven-year old Ludovic lives in an upper-middle class Belgian suburban neighborhood. He behaves in a way that is quite natural to him, dresses in a dress or skirt whenever possible, and is quite convinced he will be marrying a neighborhood boy, the son of his fathers boss. His favorite television program is a kitchy girls program about a Barbie-like razz called Pam who lives in a flowery girly pink cartoon fantasy world and has magic powers. Young Ludovic springs Pams dance to the haunting song Rose, and like well-nigh other girls of his age fantasizes about marriage to a grown romantic man who will sweep his female love off her feet. The film depicts the difficulties facing a child with gender identity issues and the way the Ludovic himself, the confused parents and family, society, school, other children, and the neighborhoo d (hostile, hypocritical, and ignorant) handle the situation.Ludovic is seven geezerhood old. At first thinks he is a girl, then becomes confused as everyone attempts to disabuse him of this, then tries to pass off an acceptable common ground (I am a girlboy, or I am a boy but I will grow up to be a girl, or something went wrong and and I should have been born a girl). When he was born, the extra X chromosome accidentally landed in the argufy and he got a Y instead Even an identity as a girlboy is not allowed him by those around him.The only ones who have any understanding of what he is going through are his psychologist and his grandmother who thinks it might be a phase he is going through, but also confronts the situation with some understanding. His sister also sees Ludovich more as he is than as others believe or want him to be. under(a) increasing pressure from an ignorant community which gives the family the cold shoulder, the parents naturally have difficulty in transact ion with Ludovics transsexuality, and eventually send him to a psychologist with the intention of curing him, but of course there is no resume only understanding.Eventually they come to accept the inevitable. The movie, perhaps a larger than life fictionalisation, is a microcosm of the ahead of time life experience of a transsexual. The movie deals with homophobia, bigotry, misunderstanding, the retreat of the transsexual into a fantasy life to elude from unthinkable real life, the attempt of the transsexual to hide the condition because of his/her punishment for showing it, and the reaction of the transsexuals parents, family, and society. general to the experience, particlarly when the movie was made, is confusion of homosexuality and transsexualism, denial of its existence, the attempt to cure it, the successful discrimination and hostility against the transsexual and his/her family, the realization of the existence of both male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuality, an d lastly resigned acceptation.The father is fired from his job, and the family moves to a poorer neighborhood, where they find some acceptance and Ludovic meets a young butch girl, perhaps a young FtM transsexual of about the same age. The final exam relief from troubles is belied by the music which turns somber as the camera pans outdoor(a) from the petit Ludovic, on his own away from the other children. As his pubescent sister says, prophetically, it only gets more difficult as you get older. The final scene dissolves into the haunting theme.

Best Practices Manual for New Supervisors Essay Example for Free

Best Practices Manual for impertinently Supervisors EssayCommunication is a multi-faceted term in the realm of management and employee relations. It drive out apply to the singles ability to move in general terms (supervisor to employee) or literal language skills (e. g. understandably speaking the domestic language). When language is the concern, supervisors essential form to ensure all employees can effectively sink within the arrangement as wholesome as with the lymph gland or customer. In an era of diversity, roughly organizations employ individuals from all ethnic backgrounds and conduct business with a diverse clientele. Having clients of different cultural backgrounds does non have to pose communication barriers. In fact, with a little research and training, some(prenominal) the international employee and client can enjoy a mutually prosperous relationship. One of the well-nigh effective methods in communicating is in understanding. Understanding in the conte xt of internal relations involves the supervisors ability to interact with employees at a level that encourages affirmative behavior and productivity.In terms of clientele, the best strategies and techniques in communicating with clients of different cultures would be know as much as possible about the clients cultural background. Supervisors must be aw be of the uniqueness of individual needs and how they relate to different aspects of life. trance adapting to various levels of communication may seem difficult, it is possible and encouraged for the overall success of an organization. Determining impelling Orientation and Training MethodsEffective orientation and training methods are similar to recruitment and weft methods, whereby selection tools prove beneficial to managers in determine which applicants are best suited for a particular position. heedless of the industry, methods recommended include various forms of testing (personality tests, cognitive ability tests, and biog raphical inventory tests), combined with interviews and evaluations at both a team and individual management level. The most common indicators of training needs are when workers consistently fail to achieve productivity objectives and excessive customer complaints.These issues are best identified through organization analysis, task analysis, and person analysis, including a variety of specific training options. Specialized technology training uses the systems fashion model of training whereby asserting the needs assessment followed by design (objectives, readiness and learning principles). After determining the needs of each individual employee, supervisors must then work toward implementation with on-the-job or otherwise applicable training methods.If faced with a report of increased customer complaints, supervisors must first numerate at the organization as a whole, investigating areas that seem to be lacking and narrow vanquish results from there. All aspects of the needs ass essment can be useful organizational, task and person analysis. Once the blood of the problem has been identified, the next step is to design a training program that will address the issues plot of land teaching employees better customer service skills. While most employees detest mandatory meetings, such gatherings work to encourage employees in maintaining good performance records and motivate low performing employees.Training to increase employee intimacy in pep meetings would be designed to motivate individual employees through incentives. It is important that employees feel value and that each is an essential member of the collective team. Positive training methods must withal include a level of encouraging traits, allowing each to feel he or she gains valuable knowledge from these meetings versus a smack of dread. Improving Productivity for Teams In all levels of business, it takes teamwork to achieve the result of productivity, whether the team is part of human resource s, production, shipping, or in executive management.All members of an organization must work together to attain a desired result. An effective means of encouraging and improving productivity for teams is in the use of team-based incentives. This type of incentive encourages employees to push working as a team and thus creating a cooperative environment within the come with. To the opinion of individual incentives, often times individual employees put forth more effort than others and are not rewarded according to their treats when applied under a team-based incentive program.However, positive aspects of the application of team-based incentives indicate such action works toward achieving the desired result teamwork. There is no doubt that employee incentives promote better performance. Team-based incentives are more economical in many ways. By allowing employees to work as a team, there is a great chance of attaining a better productivity level. Offering incentives under this premise offers each employee to work well with others to ensure that final goal is attained, and therefore creating the certainty of receiving such incentives.When team-based incentives are geared toward individual teams, the results are more apt to be to the executive departments satisfaction. For example, if X department understands that it must be the monthly requirements for Z department to complete its end of month reporting and that there will be no incentives given in the event of missing a specific deadline or goal, each several(prenominal) department team will be more likely to work harder to achieve the end goal. Team-based incentives also give the appearance of fairness in the type of incentives offered.For example, as referenced through an article by Nancy R. Katz (Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, June 2000), although incentives lead to enhanced motivation, effort, and performance, in the real world, however, incentives can have dysfunctional effects (2 000). Katz writes that the most common dysfunctional effect an employees expression, Its not fair When incentives are contingent on performance, Katz explains that workers give greater concern to the issues of fairness.When the distribution of rewards that is perceived as even slightly unfair can lead to significant problems (Katz 2000). Team-based over incentives provide positive points including economical benefits, encouraging teamwork, giving the feeling of fairness, and reducing of employee absenteeism. Clearly, when employees work together cooperatively the outcome requires an understanding of what makes cooperation work. Such traits include positive interdependence, individual accountability, positive interaction, social skills, and group processing.The discipline structure of these traits includes the growth of group commitment and an increased dedication to the company as a whole. While each employee must be held accountable for his or her own actions, they must also work to meet and promote each others productivity. Team riding horses also provide a setting whereby each employee has the opportunity to participate in explanations and discussion, problem solving, present ideas and feedback, receive group support and encouragement, and be held accountable by coworkers which leads to an individual putting forth a greater effort for a strong end result.

Nature vs Nurture Essay Example for Free

Nature vs Nurture Es distinguishEvolution vs. creationism, pro election vs. pro life, nature vs. nurture, etc , these issues will al flairs be debatable. These controversial issues will always divide the cosmos up. Many people tend to put all their beliefsin science or religion. All are super controversial and will be a major concern until the end of time. Nature is considered your genetic characteristics thatwere presumption to you at the time of conception. There are strong beliefs that if mama does it, you will do it. The individuals that truly cogitate this ideado tend to follow the footsteps of their parents. individualists that are not strong enough to surpass their environment willalways fall into this form of prejudice from the environment. Traditionally, genetics characteristics are considered stable and uncontrollable (Jayaratne, et al. , 2009, p. 25). That is saying that a person natest control the turn out of their life because it has been etched in stoned and thither is nothing they can do about it.Nurture is considered to be the environmental characteristics that surround an individual. Our environment plays a big place in the way our lives unfold over time. Many believe that you can be nurtured to act a certain way or accomplish certain goals in a lifetime. Environmental causes vary more(prenominal) in terms of how much stability and controllability they typically involve, unlike the genetic factors (p. 25). If youre brought up in a sound environment, you can usually control what course you are going to take in life. There is plenty conversations about nature and nurture.There are many characteristics that we get from nature and there many characteristics that we get from nurture. Even though we can be taught to act a certain way or do certain things, it is our choice to either go with the flow or create your suffer destiny. Just because we have good genes and a stable environment, doesnt mean that were are going to be set up for greatness. We have to choose what we want in life. With that being said, characteristics that result from having a choice are said to be malleable and controllable (Jayaratne, et al., 2009).In my personal experiences, I can say that I was given natural family characteristics, nurtured by my surroundings, and chose to take my own path through life. I do agree with Lev Vygotskys sociocultural theory. According to Vygotsky, development of an individual involves a child having interactions with other persons (Crandell, Crandell, Vander Zanden, 2009). With having tender interactions, this gives you a choice on what you want to do with your life.You can have the natural characteristics of your family, be nurtured by your surroundings, but it is your choice to go with the norm, follow your surroundings, or go in a totally antithetical direction. References Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. , Vander Zanden, J. W. (2009). Human development ( 9thed). New York McGraw Hill. Jayaratne, T. E. , Gelman, S. A. , Feldbaum, M. , Sheldon, J. P. , Petty, E. M. , Kardia, S. L. R. (2009). The Perennial Debate Nature, Nurture, or Choice? Black and White Americans Explanations for Individual Differences. Review of General Psychology. 13(1), 24-33.

General Translation Theories Essay Example for Free

General Translation Theories EssayWhile non e really adept who drives an automobile postulate to netherstand the scheme behind the internal combustion engine, near iodine does need to devote it off this speculation. I whitethorn be adequate to(p) to drive my Pontiac without any cognizeledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac breaks down. Then, I must uprise some genius (presumably a mechanic) who does in f human action write out enough theory to get the Pontiac waiverning again. The equivalent(p) is true of explanation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything more(prenominal) or less translation theory. It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the Ameri force out church at the end of the twentieth century to know something rough translation theory, for two reasons. First, it will affect the mien we interpret the Bible for our state. If we atomic number 18 tout ensemble unaw atomic number 18 of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our br separates and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there ar so more incline translations available, that no contemporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions more or less which translations be superior.It is not my intention to provide anything like an exhaustive nuzzle to either translation theory or semantic theory (relax, Ill define this treatment later). Rather, I intend to discuss short the more grievous observations, which may be useful to the pastoral ministry. 1. Communication has leash parties. Translation theory sh bes a number of concerns with what is commsolely c exclusivelyed confabulation theory. Perhaps the close to beta observation which the communication theorists induct produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has super acid chord dimensions Speaker (or author), Message, and Audience.The mor e we can know closely the original author, the actual mental object produced by that author, and the original audition, the conk out acquainted we will be with that particular proposition act of communication. An alive(predicate)ness of this tri-partite character of communication can be very useful for interpreters. Assuming that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you read what I wrote, there are leash dimensions to this particular act of communication myself, and what I am intending to communicate the actual battle crys which are on this page and what youunderstand me to be saying.When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. If we know, perhaps from another root word, what an individual authors circumstances are, this may help us understand the actual message produced. Martin Luther King, Jr. s Letters from Prison are better understood by someone who knows the circumstances under which they were indite rather than by someone who is oblivious to mid-20th century American history. If we know nurture about the authors earreach, this may as well help us to understand the message itself.John Kennedys famous, Ich bin ein Berliner speech is better understood if one understands the apprehensions which many western hemisphere German citizens had about American foreign policy during the early 1960s (and, knowing the audience was German may help explain why he did not speak this sentence in side ). Recognizing that in addition to the message itself, there are the two other components of author and audience, the interpreter look fors to put out as much in make upation as manageable about the author and audience.This is why biblical scholars authorise so much time attempting to locate the circumstances of a apt(p) epistle they are trying to obtain information about author and audience, which will help complete the understanding of the particular act of communication represented by the message. At this point , an important warning needs to be expressed. For students of literature whose original audience and author are not present (i. e. , dead), we only befool direct access to one of the three parties in the communicative process the message itself.Whereas we would be profited by having direct access to author and audience (capital of Minnesota, what in the world did you mean about baptizing for the dead? or, How did it hit you Galatians when capital of Minnesota said he wished his troublers would abridge themselves? ), it would be incorrect to suggest that we must sop up such(prenominal) access for any understanding to get a line place. Frequently one encounters the extravagant statement to the effect that one cannot understand a biblical hold unless one understands the authors (or audiences) circumstances.The problem with such statements is that they imply that we can live with no understanding without access to information which simply does not always exist. We havent any idea who wrote the epistle to the Hebrews, or why, other than what may be indicated in the letter itself. Does this mean that we cant understand it in any sense? I think not. We salutary have to recognize that information, which would assist the act of interpretation, is, in this case, mis chirrup. Related to this warning is a second.For Protestants, scripture itself is authoritative. Our reconstructions, very much highly conjectural of the historical circumstances under which a given biblical work was written and read, are not authoritative, by my understanding of Protestant divinity. Those reconstructions may assist our understanding of the biblical text, provided they are not, in and of themselves, of any religious authority. Finally, we readiness add that the essential error of many exegetical theories is their exclusion of one or more of these three parties from consideration.While many important debates are continue to influence interpretive theory, our evaluation of these debates would do well to retain a role for each of the three above-mentioned dimensions. 2. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence One of the ongoing debates about translations revolves around the question of whether, and in what degree, the translation should reflect the syntax, or form, of the original address. All translators agree that the translation should reflect faithfully the message of the original, provided all are not agreed on whether the translation should adhere closely to the well-formed forms of the original language.Translations can be located on a spectrum, which would have, at one extreme, rigid bail bond to the form of the original language (formal comparability), and at the other extreme, complete disregard for the form (not the message) of the original language (dynamic comparison). An interlinear would have it away the closest to the first extreme, followed by the NASB. At the other extreme would be the eyeshade and TEV. In between would be the RSV and NIV, w ith the RSV leaning more toward a formal equivalence, and the NIV leaning more toward a dynamic equivalence.It is probably fair to say that just about contemporary linguists favor the dynamic equivalence approach in theory, though they might be disappointed in the various attempts at producing one. The reason for preferring to be sick the thought of the original without attempting to conform to its form is that all languages have their own syntax. While the syntax of one language may be similar to the syntax of other languages, it is also dissimilar as well. Thus, if we attempt to adhere to the formal syntax of another language, we reproduce forms which are abnormal or confusing, if not honest distracting in the target language.For example, Greek tends to have very long sentences, whose various clauses are arranged in a logically hierarchical fashion. That is, there will be a number of dependent clauses connected to an independent clause. This type of sentence structure, perfe ctly normal in Greek, is called hypotactic (clauses are arranged logically under one another). slope, by contrast, is not so comfortable with long sentences, and does not provide any favourable way of indicating which clauses are dependent upon others.Our sentence structure is called paratactic (clauses are arranged logically alongside of one another). If we attempt to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, our audience will not be able to follow our translation. Ephesians 13-14, for instance, is one sentence in Greek, with well-defined subordinate clauses. If we attempt to reproduce a sentence of this length in English, the result will be so awkward that a couple of(prenominal), if any, English readers would be able to follow it. Consequently, translators must break the longer Greek sentences into shorter English sentences.For the pastor and teacher, it is important to be able to recognize the hypotactic structure of the original language, be cause it is ofttimes of theological and ethical significance. For instance, there is only one imperative (independent clause) in the Great mission make disciples. All the other verbs are dependent. The other clauses help to describe what the commandment means. Most English translations, however, obscure this point by translating the Great Commission as though it were a string of equivalent imperatives.Whats worse, they tend to treat one of the dependent clauses as though it were the major (independent) clause (Go). So the teacher or pastor needs to be able to understand what is going on in the structure of the original language, without necessarily trying to reproduce it in an English translation. There are other differences between the two languages. Greek typically uses passive verbs English prefers active verbs. Greek typically makes nouns out of verbs (making redemption as reciprocal as redeem). Speakers of English are not as comfortable with these abstractions we are happi er with verbs.A dynamic equivalence translation will communally reproduce the meaning of the Greek in a more natural manner in English. In 2 Thess 213, for instance, pistei aletheias, is understandd belief in the truth (formal equivalence) by the RSV, simply the truth that you believe (dynamic equivalence) by the NEB. The latter, while not any more accurate than the former, is a little more natural, and thus more easily understood. A classic example of the difference between English and Greek syntax is testify by the difference in their respective employment of the participial. First, the Greek participle is much more joint than the English.solely the Greek participle is also used differently than the English participle. Greek commonly employs the participle in an attributive fashion, as a verbal adjective. This is very rare in English. James Taylor does sing about the The Walking Man, but this is rare outside of artistic expression. We would commonly produce a intercourse c lause, the man who walks. Because of the differences in the way the two languages use their respective participles, we simply cannot translate a Greek participle with an English participle in many cases, without being obscure or enigmatical.Dikaiothentes in Romans 51 should not be translated, having been expertified (NASB formal equivalence), but, since we are justified (RSV dynamic equivalence). There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is freer from the grammatic forms of the original language he is more likely to eliminate the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language. That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong.For instance, in Romans 83, Paul uses the phrase dia tes sarkos. A formal equivalent translation, the RSV, renders this by t he flesh, which is faithful to the original but somewhat ambiguous in English. The NIV renders this much more precisely, by the phrase, by the sinful genius. Unfortunately, the NIV is precisely wrong here, because Paul is not talking about a lower nature, or a sinful nature at all. In occurrence, he is not speaking anthropologically, but redemptive-historically.In this particular case, I believe we would be better off with the ambiguous flesh, and have to ask what, flesh means for Paul, than to have the more precise but utterly un-Pauline sinful nature. Another problem associated with dynamic equivalence translations is related to their use as guinea pig Bibles. Since a given record may have a number of meanings, it is frequently impossible, and more frequently confusing, to attempt to translate a given Greek word with the same English word in every case. Consequently, the dynamic equivalence translation can give a morespecific get in English, being unbound by an attempt to r eproduce the same Greek word in the same English manner. This produces better understanding, frequently, of individual sentences or clauses. However, it does not permit the English reader to know when the same Greek word lay behind two different English row. Since the only way to know what a word means is by first examining its full range of uses, there is no way for the English reader to know what words are behind the English words found.For instance, when Paul says he could not address the Corinthians as pneumatikoi, but rather as sarkinoi (1 Cor 3), he employs the adjectival forms of what we normally translate smelling and flesh. And, in Romans 8 (as well as elsewhere), it is clear that life in the Spirit is redeemed life whereas life in the flesh is unredeemed life. If the adjectives in 1 Cor are translated spiritual, and fleshly, the reader can guarantee the correspondence to other Pauline passages, and understand that Paul is saying, in effect, I could not address you as r edeemed people, but as unredeemed people. provided the NIV construes sarx as sinful nature in Rom 8, and sarkinos as worldly in 1 Cor 3, with the result that the reader of this translation is not aware that in the original the same root form was employed. The conclusion of this is that the dynamic equivalence translation, when do well, renders in more precise and more vivid English particular expressions. However, it makes it more difficult to discriminate individual passages with parallel passages elsewhere. In any given congregation, a variety of translations will be present.The teachers in the church must have the competence to discern which one represents the original most accurately in English in any circumstance. In my judgment, none of the contemporary translations is manifestly superior to the others. Each is a blend of strengths and weaknesses, due to the difficulty of the task. From the pulpit, of course, some versions can be excluded rather easily. Paraphrases, while u seful to embellish a point, should never be used as the basic sermon text, because they reflect so soundly the opinions of the paraphraser.Also, childrens Bibles, such as the Good News, and, to a lesser degree, the NIV should not be used as the stern of a sermon directed toward the built-in congregation. The NASB should not be used, simply because its English is atrocious. Its rigid affixation to the formal equivalence principle, while making it highly useful in the show, renders it exclusively in permit in a setting where communication is important. The NIV should not be used from the pulpit, in my judgment, because it is a sectarian translation.It is a self-confessedly evangelical translation, which excluded non-evangelicals from the translation process. It is therefore ecclesiastically unacceptable (it excludes from the outset people who dont call themselves evangelical, just as the Kingdom Translation excludes people who dont call themselves Jehovahs Witnesses). In fact, e ven for study purposes, one will have to be cautious about the evangelical bias reflected in this translation, whereby the weaknesses, as well as the strengths, of evangelicalism have not been offset by a more inclusive committee.Specifically, the NIV shows many signs of being individualistic, experientialist, and revivalistic (I am speaking about the NIV New Testament I havent evaluated the NIV Old Testament thoroughly yet). At the same time, the NIV ought to be in the ministers study because it is a good illustration of the demands of a dynamic equivalence translation, and it is also very successful at many points. The RSV, reflecting the breadth of the church, a high style of English, and a fairly accurate representation of the original text, is perhaps the preferred text for pulpit use.3.Translation is a theological task It has become increasingly clear that translation cannot existently be performed in a theological vacuum. When a variety of linguistic options present themsel ves, theological factors can influence the decision to choose one option over the other. In fact, such factors should influence the translation. The resolution of the translation question about how to translate telos in Romans 104 is resolved in large part by resolving big questions about Pauls theology how he understands the relation between the older testament and the Christ event, etc.Since theology is to be de conditionined by the Bible, and since translating the Bible is determined, at least(prenominal) in part, by theological considerations, it is slack to see that there is something of a circle here. Fortunately, it is not a vicious cycle, because if one is willing to harbour sympathetically a variety of options, one can grow in the confidence with which one evaluates a given translation. One must never pretend, however, that translation is a grade of pre-exegesis or pre-interpretation. The first step of interpretation istranslation.This step will influence all other st eps, so it must be approached with the entire arsenal of theological tools. semantic Theory It is appropriate now to move to some consideration of dealings with the meaning of individual words (commonly called lexical semantics). A lexicon in the hands of an over-imaginative prophesyer may be the deadliest of all human instruments. In term of sheer percentages, more pulpit nonsense may be attributable to a misunderstanding of how words communicate meaning than any other interpretive error.Since the technological study of linguistics began in the early nineteenth century, a number of very valuable insights have been assumeed by the linguists. What follows is an attempt at providing some of their most useful insights for those who want to teach and preach faithfully. 1. Semantic Field and Context Most words can mean a number of things. cause the English word, dominate. It can seem in the following (and many more) contexts The athlete is betning. Her nose is running. We score d a run in the sixth inning. I have a run in my stocking. Does your car run? My estimator runs on Windows.For how long is the movie running? You want to run that by me again? His sermons seem to run on forever. Shes running the flag up the pole. Jackson is running for President. Who left the water running? Enough, already. It is clear that most words can mean a number of different things. How do we know what a word means in a given circumstance? Well, we dont just choose the one we prefer. In fact there are two components to meaning semantic field and semantic context. By semantic field, we mean the full range of ways the word has and can be used (an example is the above, partial(p) semantic field for run).By examining the field of possible meanings, we begin to narrow the options. Normally, there are gloss over too many options, so we have to take another step. The second step is to determine the semantic context. If run, for instance, can refer to rapid, bipedal locomotion in s ome contexts, we can eliminate that option in contexts where there are no legs or feet. If run can mean flow, or drip, it is a possible way of understanding it where noses and faucets appear, but not where liquids do not appear.In everyday speech, we do this good-hearted of comparison to semantic context so rapidly and unreflectively that we are not normally aware of doing it. But we do it nevertheless, and normally with great accuracy. It is imperative that we do this with biblical literature as well. No word brings its full semantic field with it into any given context. Yet many fanciful pulpit statements are due to the attempt to do this very thing. 2. Root Meanings some people speak of root meanings. Many people speak of ghosts. Neither exists.Apparently, when people speak of root meanings of words, they are attempting to find the distilled essence, or the common semantic range of the word in each of its contexts. This may, by dumb luck, work in some circumstances, but it won t work in most. What common root meaning is there in the word run which can account for the variety of uses listed above? Is it motion? Perhaps, for the athlete, the flag, even the nose (which doesnt move itself, but its contents do). But is there any motion involved in the statement that a soulfulness is running for an office?Is any motion taking place when a movie runs for six weeks? Is a run in a stocking a movement of some sort? I fail to see how there is, without redefining the word motion to include virtually everything. And if we do this, then we arent learning anything specific about the term in question (This is the practical deficiency of the Componential Analysis approach to Semantics if one finds an element common enough to be related to all the various uses, it isnt specific enough to be any real help in any given context). In actual fact, we dont really know why people use terms in such a broad range of ways as they do.But the answer su trust doesnt lie in the fact o f some alleged root meaning, common to all uses. Thus, for interpretations sake, it is better not to speak of root meanings at all. Just look at the entire semantic field, and then limit that field by the contextual considerations. This doesnt mean that there are no similarities in the variety of a terms uses. If we return to run, we can determine several sub-fields. We can see run used of liquids, to indicate they are flowing. We can see run used with machines to indicate that they are in operation(p) as they should.We can see it used in reference to putting one foot earlier of another repeatedly, in rapid succession, which would embrace the athlete, and, by extension, the runs in a baseball game (which are a short-hand reference to someone running around the bases). But these fields do not appear to be related to each other, and worse, these fields do not account for the stocking or the flag. Perhaps we ought to just bring root meanings out once a year, on October 31st, and then put them back for the light of the year. 3. Etymologies and Semantic Change Etymology is a perfectly valid field of study.Etymology is the study of the history of a words usage. It has the historical benefit of demonstrating to us what a word might have meant in a given period. One thing etymologists have discovered, of course, is that words change over time. That is, people apparently use terms in an increasing variety of ways, extending known usages, and coining new usages. Thus, the history of a words usage is not necessarily any help in ascertain its meaning in a particular context. And certainly it is not the case that the earliest known meaning is the true, real, or, need I say it, root meaning.Gay, for instance, might well have meant joyful or carefree in certain places in certain times. It most emphatically does not mean that today in San Francisco. Do not be misled a happy hour at a gay bar may be a very touching experience for a heterosexual teetotaler. The biblical i nterpreter is not particularly interested in what a term may have meant several centuries prior to the time in question. Rather, the biblical interpreter wants to know what range of meaning a term had in the period in question. Etymology is not particularly useful as a guide to the meaning of a term in any given context.Semantic context is the more reliable guide. 4. Polyvalency You may run across (oops, another use of run) this term from time to time, so you may as well know what it means. Polyvalency refers to the ability of a given term to have a number of meanings in any given historical period. Run is polyvalent. It is important for the interpreter to be aware of the full range of possible meanings of a given word, before determining what it means in its given context. 5. Words and Concepts For the sake of clarity, it is helpful to distinguish between a word and a concept.Most words can be employed to denote a number of concepts, and most concepts can be addressed by using a r ange of terms. Thus, charis is a word dump is a concept which can be labeled in a variety of ways. So, if you want to study, The beautify of God in the New Testament, you would certainly include not only a word study of charis, but also passages which refer to Gods human activity without employing that particular term. For instance, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard reflects Gods gracious character, as those who come along late in the day receive equal recompense with those who have labored all day.God graciously gives the nation not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles, who come on the scene a bit late, redemptive-historically speaking. 6. Semantic Minimalism One of the best axioms to apply when attempting to discover the meaning of any given word was first coined by Ferdinand de Saussure and his followers. The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence. In most communication acts, we do not loa d up a given word with a lot of meaning.Rather, we speak in paragraphs and sentences the individual words have little meaning in and of themselves, but much meaning when fastened to one another. Many seminarians and preachers seem to be unaware of this, for they frequently interpret the Bible as though its individual words were almost magical, possessing great truths and mysteries in six or seven letters. There are very few technical terms in any language, which are more heavily wicked than most words. Concluding Observations If one were to state briefly the results of linguistic study in the last few generations, one would certainly have to refer to the importance of context.Linguistics has made us repeatedly aware of the fact that the fundamental communicative unit is the sentence, not the word. Individual words, removed from the context of a sentence, rarely communicate effectively. Words strung together, mutually supporting and interpreting one another, can communicate very effectively. For biblical students, this means that we must look at the larger unites of communication (the sentence and paragraph) at least as seriously as we look at individual words. We must be aware of the fact that a given word can signify a number of different things in a number of different contexts.Personally, I would like to see more sermons on whole chapters of scripture, and even on entire books, and fewer sermons on a verse here or there. If a person can produce a single 20-minute distillation of Romans 1-11, he can certainly handle Romans 63 when it shows up. If the contextual emphasis of contemporary linguistics can help us see the forest of a biblical book, as opposed to merely the trees of individual words, it will have done us and Gods kingdom a great service. ________________________________________ Dr. T.David Gordon, a native of Richmond, VA, is currently Professor of Religion and Greek at plantation City College in Grove City, PA, where he has served since 1999 . Previously, he had taught for thirteen years at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. ________________________________________ explanation METHODS WORD FOR WORD translation The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. LITERAL translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. FAITHFUL translation It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the te xt-realisation of the SL writer. SEMANTIC translation It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While faithful translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. COMMUNICATIVE translation It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. idiomatical translation It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. FREE translation It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. ADAPTATION This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. From A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark