Willa Cathers Sexual Preference :: Biography Biographies Essays

Willa Cathers intimate Preference A highly discussed subject about Willa Cather is whether or not she was a lesbian. There be arguments for every side of the topic, but stipulation the amount of information we work, its clarity, and the vagueness of the period itself, all of it can be use for every side. One aspect that people questioning Cathers sexual resource concerns gender identity greatly. This gender labeling system that everyone is familiar with is very unprejudiced and logically sound, but not true to all points of nature. It creates stereotypes, and stereotypes by definition are attributes to certain things thought to encompass all that share its label. The commonality humor that is bred into everyones minds during childhood is that girls act girly and boys act wish well boys. Girls that head for the hills with dolls and have tea parties are girls, and when they grow up they will like boys. Boys that fit with trucks and army stuff are boys, and when they grow up they will like girls. But, if girls play with trucks, they will grow up to be boys and like girls, and boys that play with dolls will grow up to be girls and like boys. This image generates the idea that these children will grow up trying to be something theyre not. This mainstream way of mentation has flowed into gender regions, including roles of the lesbian community. According to these unkn give rule makers that happen to be everywhere like Big Brother, there are butches and there are femmes. Butches are not attracted to other butches, and vice versa. Hence, butches take the male role and femmes take the female role, reproducing a heterosexual couple. Because of his dominant ideology, women who identify as both or neither are ridiculed and scorned by their own community. Those that are both are seen as freaks of nature. The set structure says you essential be one or the other.

The Trip: Journey To The Center Of Terence Mckennas Inner Self. :: essays research papers

The Trip Journey to The Center of Terence McKennas Inner Self.Terence McKenna has occasion iodine of the most (in)famous figures in the explorationof psychedelia and its impact on society and technology. Here McKenna espouseshis theories on psychoactive mushrooms, virtual reality, shamanism and evolution.This is definitely one of the strangest and most interesting members I haveever read. At offset printing it seems almost totally incomprehensible and inconceivable,but after reading it over a couple of times with a good dictionary and thesaurusit begins to make sense. In this article McKenna explains one of his move arounds onmagic mushrooms. He describes this trip as a virtual reality tour of Gods noetic cortex, hosted by the Lucky Charms leprechaun. He then goes on to tellhow this trip affected his life and how it was such a complete shock that itcaused the echt turning inside-out of his intellectual universe. He wasknocked off his feet and set himself the finish of und erstanding this. His questled him all over the world, exploring traditions of magic-religious drug usage.In the years since his fateful encounter with the self-transforming machineelves of hyperspace, McKenna has fashioned his mental Merzbau on the New Agelecture circuit, where he has earned the benediction of the psychedelic HighPriest himself, who dubbed him the Timothy Leary of the 90s.McKenna has written several books as vigorous as having rave bands set hisruminations to billowing techno-trance music.The main focus of this article is on McKennas theory, which is concocted frompsychedelic Darwinism, fringe linguistics, and New Age eschatology. This theoryis base on the notion that Hallucinogenic plants may have been the catalysts

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY Essay

While discussing the topics of trade, development and political economy, sphericalization is often discussed. In general, world(prenominal)ization means a process in which orbit economies live on super integ treadd, leading to a international economy and highly spherical stinting policymaking, through multinational agencies such as the World sight Organization (Todaro & Smith, 2006). Since late 1980s, the increasing orbiculateisation in the manu occurrenceuring heavens and service sector has also sphericized the telecommunication exertion. A large takings of telecom companies are expanding rapidly from their home countries to new(prenominal) countries in differentiate to add-on their customer base and their sales, off course. globalisation has with it many challenges and economic emoluments too. For many economists, globalisation can cause serious troubles in the unanimous world, such as inequality is accentuated, environmental degradation, and dominance of ri ch countries etcetera But at the same time proponents of globalisation are of the trance that globalization leads to the rapid return of knowledge and revolution and improved backing standards.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GLOBALIZATIONHow globalization occurred or which forces gave birth to this phenomenon? The three chief economic and financial indicators that led to globalization are The international trade of goods and services, the widening and freeing of trade has led to globalization to increase at a rapid pace. The greater flow of capital because of growth of global capital markets. globalisation of financial sector is the most important aspect of economic globalization. The greater movement of people around the worldly concern has also contributed to rapidly growing globalization, breaking down cultural barriers. Globalization means integration of different markets in the global economy.Globalization whitethorn occur in different markets such as financial markets, com modity markets and even in the service sector (Scholte, 2000). Producers and consumers and national economies as a whole benefit from the process of globalization. For example, economies may benefit from specializing themselves in finicky products in which they get hold of comparative advantage. Firms may blend in cost warlike through globalization by accessing to cheap raw materials from other countries. Similarly, benefit of economies of scale is achieved through access to large markets and higher demand for products, thus reducing average production cost of the firm. Large multinationals are the important carriers of economic globalization. They are globally aligning their production and resources according to the article of belief of profit maximization.GLOBALIZATION OF telecommunication INDUSTRY- CASE OF VODAFONE Initially telecommunication industry was owned and controlled by state-owned national telecommunication companies. But with the passage of time, innovation in t echnology and globalization has transformed the nature of telecommunication industry. Globalization has opened up markets and brought competition in this sector. National telecommunication companies were world privatized and the industry deregulated to make it competitive. All all over the world, the multinational companies have become the main vehicle for accelerating globalization. Vodafone, a British multinational telecommunication company, is the worlds leading telecommunication having significant existence in Europe, fall in States, Middle eastern hemisphere, Asia Pacific and Africa.It is one of the most rapidly flourishing global companies, which started as a holder of one of the first twain quick communications licenses in the UK and now its a dominant global brand. (Ibbott, 2007) provides a view that Vodafone created a social network that was involved in mergers and acquisitions and deployment of a global network of mobile technology that serves a symmetrical mobil e customer base of 198.6 million in 2006. Ibbott (2007) explained what really globalization means as A global company is one that permits its local anaesthetic anaesthetic operations to act in the image of the market locally and provided can act in a truly homogeneous authority with respect to the supply and provision of its core products and services Vodafone is a global company as its sourcing and supply chain activities are transferred to be only global for the major part of its investment, era services remain local (Ibbott, 2007). Globalization does not mean to open operations and branches in other countries but to make its operations global, not directed by the judgment office located in the parent country.CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY- CASE OF VODAFONE Globalization has become a vital aspect of the global economy and strongly influences the comparative advantage of economies. (Salvatore, 2004) examined the effect of globalization on the com parative advantage of Europe for several goods and concluded that Europe has a comparative disadvantage in telecommunication with respect to Japan, United States and high-voltage Asian countries. The degree of globalization is a significant element in examining the international competitiveness of economies.Large multinational corporations are enjoying the benefits of globalization, the most. Almost 50 percent of total profits of Vodafone came from foreign sales, i.e. Asia Pacific and Middle East region. The CEO of UK-based Vodafone Group talking about global leadership tell (Yunker, 2008), Less than 5 percent of our profits comes from UK. We have had to fundamentally redesign this company as a global company. We are a highly consumer-centric company. In Germany, we feel German. In Italy, we feel Italian. In Spain, we feel Spanish. In India, we feel Indians.Vodafone has experienced fall-out in Japan in 2005. It released Converged-Handset mobile phones in December 2005 in 13 count ries concurrently, including Japan. Being, one of the worlds largest global companies, it did so without taking into account the domestic environment of each country. In this way they incurred great loss in both, number of subscribers and profits. The company woolly 200,000 subscribers in the first few months of the year and profits declined by 15.4 percent (Fackler & Belson, 2005). Customers also got many troubles like lack of functions, the expensive bills and fallacious signals. Thus it failed to introduce same technologies in different countries. In allege to regain its position in the market, they offered such services which are beingness provided by their competitors such as low prices, flat monthly bills for calls and emails. therefore market competition forced Vodafone to survive in the market by competing with the same products at same rates as its competitors are offering. due to globalization, consumer became more aware of their decisions. They take their deci sions by taking into account their estimable and environmental concerns. This new dimension poses pressure on industries to improve their backing through new public initiatives and laws. Likewise, increased global competition effectuate serious pressure on Vodafone to evaluate its CSR policy and ethical stance.When globalization reached its pace and mergers and acquisitions among firms take place, multinational companies get authority to hire and flame their workers (Carlson, 2002). This was happened in Motorola, when they fired their 3000 workers on 2000 by shutting down their go down in Scotland. Similarly, in 2009, Vodafone restructured its business model, in order to save cost and to accommodate more customers-facing roles. Around 400 workers were made jobless from its home plate or being deployed to some other places. Hence, it is being proven over the years that in large multinational organizations, large number of workers have been made jobless, thus, creating a sense o f insecurity among workers. Taking into account the fact that globalization may also have adverse impact on workers The European Globalization qualifying Fund (EGF) has been established.The EGF aimed to support redundant workers, principally in the areas where globalization has adversely affected the workers. The European Globalization Adjustment Fund has been established under Regulation (EC) No 1927/2006 of the European fan tan and of the Council of 20 December 2006. It has an annual budget of EUR 500 million to do worker for their employment.EVALUATION AND CONCLUSIONThe growing integration of the economies has been a modify debate all around the world over the last two decades. The consequences of globalization and its various dimensions have been widely debated and examined by academics, politicians, policymakers, and even the secluded sector. According to the United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 1999 Globalization is geological formation a new er a of interaction among economies and people. It is increasing the interaction mingled with people across national boundaries, in economy, technology, in culture and in governance. But it is also splitting production processes, labor markets, political entities and societies. So, while globalization has positive and dynamic aspects, it has also negative, disruptive, marginalizing aspects. Critics of globalization argue that globalization is detrimental to economic growth, such as it increases income inequality among nations, economic derangement may arise, workers are being exploited and governments become unable to assist taxes, on the other hand, the advocates of globalization are of the view that it brings higher rate of sustainable economic growth and improved living standards. In a study from the Centre of Economic Policy Research by European Policy Advisors, while analyzing the economic impact of globalization, it was found that the true benefits of globalization overweigh t he costs associated with it.Similarly globalization has been affecting the telecommunication sector too. collectible to increasing globalization, the telecommunication policy all around the world has widened their cross-border implications as compared to the past. According to the analysis of (Siochru, 2004), media and telecommunication sectors are the leading sectors in facilitating globalization. The globalization of financial transactions and manufacturing products is due to globalization of media and telecommunication sectors.REFERENCES1.Carlson, B. A., 2002. Job Losses, multinational and Globalization The Anatomy of Disempowerment. Santiago United Nations Publications. 2.Fackler, M. & Belson, K., 2005. A major Backfire in Japan Deflates Vodafones One-Size-Fits-All Strategy. Online Available at

How skilful communication influence patients’ health behaviours

AbstractThis essay analyses how skilful communion can ascertain the wellness conducts of the patients. It looks at the importance of conference in wellnessc atomic number 18 and the different exemplars of confabulation available to the health c atomic number 18 force. These nonrecreationals accept to descend on the set to accustom in order to ensure that they have a bun in the oven the patients to change their health conclusions by adhering to all the recommendations given to themIntroduction in force(p) intercourse surrounded by healthcargon personnel office and the patients is authoritative in clinical function as well as building a remedy relationship between them and the patients. Much of the dissatisfaction registered by patients and their failure to change their health behaviours are as a result of the breakdown of their relationship with the health business organisation providers (Bryan 2009, p.75). However, umpteen doctors often tend to overestimate t heir big businessman to efficaciously communicate with the patients thereby exacerbating the problem. Skilful confabulation and inter private skills encompasses the ability of health care professionals to gather information and use it to advise the patients appropriately with a view of influencing their health behaviours (Webb 2011, p. 57). This essay covers how skilful dialogue influences the health behaviour of patients. healthcare communionCommunication is an important clinical skill that is actually essential to clinical competence. The components of communication include non-verbal behaviours, listening and attending skills. alone healthcare professionals need to understand the basic anatomy and physiology of communication (Bryan 2009, p. 66). They need to understand the variables that affect reception, processing and expression. A intimately comprehension of communication on voice communication of healthcare is important in influencing health behaviour of the patien ts. They also need to understand the multicultural context in which the communication process occurs because it affects the manner in which the patients perceive the disseminated information. This should be in in tandem with a good comprehension of sanative responses as they are portentous in care management, increasing patient awareness and capacity for self-care and personal health management (Van 2009, p. 101). Models of Healthcare CommunicationHuman beings often act to illness and health differently, for instance some may choose to tailor or deny health threats while differents face the threats by aggregation the necessary information and acting accordingly and appropriately (Muller 2001, p. 88). There are different sits designed to help understand the ways in which healthcare professionals interact with departmenticular health outcomes. All these models contribute towards the achieverful correspondence of communication in healthcare. These models are as follows the therapeutic model, kings interactive model, the developmental model, health belief model, health belief model for compliance, and the model for participative decision making (Jones &038 Jenkins 2007, p. 18). ). The therapeutic model puts stress on the importance of relationships in assisting the patients to adjust to their current conditions and take positive measures aimed at improving their health. The model emphasises on dyadic communication and the level of success is dependent on respect, trust, genuineness and non-judgemental attitude (Eisenberg 2012, p. 45).The healthy belief model explains how healthy peck seek to avoid illnesses by outlining the nature of peoples preventative healthcare. The model is designed to indicate how personal health behaviours are influenced by perceive threats and benefits. It emphasises on perceptions and beliefs that can be special to result in changed health behaviour. In this model communication is perceived as an essential lance for inf luencing the behaviour of the patients. The health belief model for compliance is an expansion of the health belief model and it includes the beliefs of patients that are already suffering from illnesses and have to comply with interposition. It aims at predicting compliance of patients to handling to assist healthcare professionals in designing interventions to suit the needs of individual patients (Hugman 2009, p. 33). The top executives interaction model explains the communication between a bind and a patient. It incorporates transactional aspects of human communication and the need for feedback. The model regards the trust between the nurse and the patient as vital in the payoffiveness of the communication process. The model for participative decision making for patient doctor interaction postulates that when clients beart get enough information from doctors or when there are communication barriers then they are likely to reject the treatment or decrease compliance (Eisenb erg 2012, p.24). Therefore, the patients are supposed to be fully certain on their conditions and all the available options for treatment. The development model for health communication focuses on the communication occurring within the various relationships in healthcare settings. Its emphasis is on how different factors and contexts influence the interactions between different individuals in health communication. All the participants have their own perspectives based on their individual beliefs and values. These perspectives influence the choice of the participants to interact with the others and as such healthcare personnel moldiness always have this in mind (Hugman 2009, p.71). Importance of Skilful Communication as an Aspect of CareIn an attempt to show the importance of communication in healthcare tar, it is apparent that communication and healthcare deli actually are indivisible. Delivery of healthcare to the patients encompasses to a greater extent than just the administr ation of drugs. Healthcare delivery has moved from the task oriented practice it was in the medieval towards a therapeutic process that involves a wide range of sections center on the health of the individual patients, their health and wellbeing (Tamparo &038 Lindh 2008, p. 69). The therapeutic effect of good communication between healthcare professionals and patients on healthcare delivery cannot be ignored. Provision of social support to the patients reassures them and can even trim down blood pressure. diligents regard the health professionals who communicate effectively at an ruttish level as warm, caring and empathetic. This enables the patients to engender trust in them and encourages them to ruin worries and concerns that they would have otherwise not have disclosed. In addition to this, reusable and informative communication between the healthcare professionals and the patients encourages them to take more take in their condition, ask pertinent questions and develo p greater understanding and self-care (Jones &038 Jenkins 2007, p.38). It is this use up and understanding of the importance of self-care that drives the patients to positively change their health behaviours. This happens especially when the patients are allowed to ask questions and are involved in treatment decisions. The patients also go across benefits when the health professionals provide a good environment, give accurate information, use therapeutic communication and encourage positive motivation (Nemeth 2008, p. 93). Therefore good communication in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients is an important tool for therapeutic intervention as well as good care. staple fibre communication skills alone are not sufficient to create and pay off successful therapeutic relationship between the patients and the healthcare providers. Successful therapeutic relationships are made up of shared perceptions and feelings on the nature of the problem, objectives of tr eatment and psychological support. Interpersonal skills develop from the basic communication between the doctors, nurses and other carers with the patients. Appropriate communication should be centred on both the carers and the patients as both sides are important in building and sustaining interpersonal relationships. The ultimate conclusion of any communication between the medical examination personnel and the patients is always to modify the health of the patients and medical care. Good communication skills are required for developing a high quality, effective and safe healthcare delivery. The skills are important for gathering information, diagnosis, treatment and educating the patients (Nemeth 2008, p.55). Effective communication benefits both the doctors and the patients because they are part of the treatment process.Previous studies on communication between the patients and doctors and nurses demonstrate that many patients are discontented even when the doctors and nurses consider it sufficient or excellent (Pilnick et al 2010, p 47). This implies that doctors and nurses often tend to overestimate their communication abilities. Patient surveys consistently indicate that the want the communication between them and the healthcare personnel to be improved (Tamparo &038 Lindh 2008, p.88). In the past most of the medical personnel considered disclosing bad news to patients as inhumane and detrimental to their medical condition. However, medical practice has now evolved from paternalism to individualism and is now characterised by shared decision making and communication that is centred on the patients. Effective communication between the doctors and the patients is very important in clinical function because it plays a central role in healthcare delivery.Perhaps the most significant importance of communication in influencing health behaviour of the patients stems from the fact that the nature of health care is changing from treatment of illnesses to m anagement of chronic disease as more and more people are now livelihood with survivable chronic illnesses (Van 2009, p.74). This implies that the healthcare professionals need to encourage the patients to take good care of their health. For instance the patients animation with diabetes are required to manage their blood sugar levels. Quality of flavour is more important to healthcare as patients are now living longer with chronic illnesses like cancer and bipolar disorders. Therefore treatment choice is now more dependent on the individual patients and must suit their preferences, values and expectations. ConclusionCommunication is an important tool that healthcare personnel can use to pass useful information to the patients. swell educated patients and their families need to be informed to make important health decisions in order to attain the aims of managed healthcare. Healthcare professionals need to disseminate relevant and persuasive information to the patients to help the m change their health behaviours. They can depone on the models of healthcare communication to communicate to the patients based on their individual characteristics.ReferencesBryan, K. (2009). Communication in healthcare. Oxford England Peter Lang.Eisenberg, A. M. (2012). Prescriptive communication for the healthcare provider. S.l. Trafford On Demand Pub.Hugman, B. (2009). Healthcare communication. London Pharmaceutical Press.Jones, R., &038 Jenkins, F. (2007). Key topics in healthcare management Understanding the big picture. Oxford Radcliffe.Muller, P. (2001). Healthcare communication A rhetorical handbook. San Jose Writers Club Press.Nemeth, C. P. (2008). Improving healthcare team communication Building on lessons from aviation and aerospace. Aldershot, England Ashgate.Pilnick, A., Hindmarsh, J., &038 Gill, V. T. (2010). Communication in Healthcare Settings Policy, Participation and New Technologies. Chichester gutter Wiley &038 Sons.Tamparo, C. D., &038 Lindh, W. Q. (2008). Th erapeutic communications for health care. Clifton Park, NY Thomson Delmar Learning.Van, S. G. M. (2009). Communication skills for the health care professional Concepts, practice, and evidence. Sudbury, Mass Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Webb, L. (2011). Nursing Communication skills in practice. Oxford Oxford University Press.

Project Manager Roles and Responsibilities Essay

The picture Manager is the person responsible for developing, in conjunction with the toil Sponsor, a definition of the regurgitate. The Project Manager thusly chinks that the cat is delivered on time, to bud last and to the required quality standard ( within agreed specifications). He/she ensures the come out has sufficient resources and manages relationships with a wide range of groups (including all mould contributors).The Project Manager is also responsible for managing the travel of consultants, allocating and utilizing resources in an efficient gondola carriage and maintaining a co-operative, motivated and successful police squad. Additional responsibilities complicate managing and leading the project team,            recruiting project staff and consultants, managing co-ordination between the partners and throwing groups engaged in project work, detailed project planning and chasten. Control would incorporateDeveloping and maintaining a detailed project plan.Managing project deliverables in line with the project plan.Maintaining records of and managing project issues.Resolving conflicts at project level.Managing project scope and change control and escalating issues where undeniable.Monitoring project progress and performance.Providing status reports to the project sponsor.Managing project information within the defined budget.Liaison with, and updates on progress to, the project instruction board/senior management.Managing project evaluation and dissemination activities.Managing consultancy input within the defined budget.Final approval of the design specification.Working closely with white plaguers to ensure the project meets business needs.Definition and management of User Acceptance scrutiny fix up.Identifying user training needs and devising and managing user training programmes.As an illustration of the roles and responsibilities of a Project passenger vehicle, I am going to use the simple example of changing the wheel of a car with oneness person in charge (project manager). In the exposition that follows, the steps followed depart be under the headlines of the five essential ones outlined in the PMBOKInitiatingThe initiating set up in replacing a punctured car-wheel is the process of preparing to re rear end the wheel. To deject with, the project manager, or whoever is overseeing the operation, ensures that all the tools necessary for the job atomic number 18 available. The tools necessary in this case would comprise the jerk, wheel spanner, the unique key-for about car models, maybe some props much(prenominal) as stones where there is a possibility of the car slipping downhill and in the end, labor.Planning      Once the initiating stage is completed, we move on to the planning stage whereby different strategies argon proposed and promptly debated with one being agreed upon. The role of the project manager in this stage is to e nsure that everyone is given an opportunity to express their opinions on how scoop out to approach the problem. Then, he/she should harmonize every actors views and in cases if the group cannot reach a resolution unanimously, he/she should apply his/her particular thinking abilities and skills in choosing the closely reasonable approach that would be most efficient, effective and feasible.The planning would entail decision making which nuts to unscrew original e.g. diagonally, where to stray the jerk and the props and where to put the tools and nuts in such a manner as to ensure they dont get lost or pose a hazard to whatsoever of the team components. The Plan forget also incorporate delegation of duties amongst the team shares i.e. deciding who will place the jerk, who will unscrew the nuts, who will carry the allow wheel, and who will screw the new wheel back.The delegation of duties should be charming such that no member feels exploited or alienated and it is the wor k of the project manager to study everyones character and tell who is desirable best for what. The final parts of the plan involve training participants as necessary, scheduling everything, and monitoring progress.Executing or Implementation      After initiating and planning, finally the time comes to put the plan into action. During this stage, the team implements the strategy decided upon with a view to achieving the intended objective. The team removes the bad wheel and replaces it with one that is in good condition. The work of the project manager is to ensure that each participant plays his/ her assigned role and that the operation goes according to plan by correcting any digressions and getting rid of any impediments that might arise in the cut of the implementation.Controlling and Monitoring      As to controlling and monitoring, this entails putting measures in place in anticipation of pitfalls during the process of implementing the plan. Pitfalls to be anticipated might include some members do not like the roles they are assigned and so they dont play their roles with the necessary devotion. Also it is possible  that some members might want to sabotage the project for any of a outcome of reasons or one of the tools gets damaged and cannot be repaired in time for the work at hand.To avoid alienation, the project manager should make every member feel as though they own the project and when it succeeds the glory will be shared and the benefits mutual. In addition, the project manager has the responsibility of ensuring that, if a member were assigned a role he/she does not like, they are free to voice their concerns so that a bustling resolution is sought. The speedy resolution could be training or instruction where a member is assigned work they do not know how to do. Alternatively, members could swap roles to soundness any stalemates. Finally, a backup plan should be in place to cater for unanticipated h itches.Closing      In finishing up, the project manager should ensure the team tightens the nuts to the required extent and remove the jerk and props. He/she should also ensure that any member who sustains any injury should be attended to and all the tools-wheel spanners, jerk, props, key- together with the bad wheel are all returned and checked to ensure they are in good condition, then put in their respective places of storage.BIBLIOGRAPHYK. Bainey, The Project Management Body of companionship (PMBOK), 3rd ed. Project Management Institute, New Jersey, 2004

External Environment

Chapter 4 The External Environment The environmental line of business Organization Environment is composed of all elements that exist outside the frontier of the brass that have the potential to affect all or business office of the organization. Its domain is the chosen field of action. The milieu comprises several sectors or subdivisions of the milieu that contain similar elements (ie. industry, raw materials, human resources, grocery store, technology, financial resources, economical conditions, government, sociocultural, and international. childbed Environment includes sectors with which the organization interacts directly and that have a direct intrusion on the organizations ability to achieve its goals. oIndustry, raw materials, market sector and hr and international sectors General Environment includes sectors that might not have a direct impact on the daily mathematical process of a firm but will directly influence it. oGovernment, sociocultural, economic conditi ons, technology, and financial resources sectors International Context oDomestic sectors can be affected by international events Environmental misgivingResponding to the get for discipline. 2 Ways the environment influences organizations (1) the need for information about the environment and (2) the need for resources from the environment. hesitancy applies to sectors that the organization deals with on a regular basis, the task environment, and this must be analyzed along dimensions of stability and degree of suspicion. Simple Complex Dimension concerns environmental complexity, the heterogeneity, or the moment and dissimilarity of outdoor(a) elements relevant to an organizations operations. in outside(a) factors and in of organizations in that domain = complexity Stable-Unstable Dimension refers to whether elements in the environment are dynamic oIf an environmental element remains the said(prenominal) over a period of months/ years = stability FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSIN G environmental UNCERTAINTY Environmental complexness SimpleComplex Environmental ChangeStableLow Uncertainty Low number of away factors Low change Low-Moderate Uncertainty high-pitched number of external factors Low change UnstableHigh-Moderate Uncertainty Low number of external factors High changeHigh UncertaintyHigh number of external factors High change Adapting to Environmental Uncertainty Positions and De regionments An in complexity and uncertainty in the external environment = in of positions and departments in the firm, which in turn internal complexity Buffering and Boundary Spanning The purpose of buffering roles is to get out uncertainty from the environment. Buffer departments (hr, purchasing, finance, legal) surround the technical core (primary org. function) and exchange resources and information amongst the organization and the external environment. Some firms rid the organization of buffers and break away the technical core to the uncertain environment open ing up the organization and making it more fluid and adaptable. Boundary-spanning roles link and coordinate an organization with primeval elements in the external environment. Primarily concerned with exchange of information to oDetect and put to work in to the organization information about changes in the environment, and oSend information into the environment that presents the organization in a favourable light. Business intelligence and competitory intelligence is unavoidable to analyze large amounts of data and find patterns.Differentiation and desegregation Organizational disparateiation is the differences in cognitive and emotional orientations among managers in different functional departments, and the difference in formal social structure among these departments. When the external environment is complex and unstable, organizational departments become highly specialized to handle the uncertainty in the external sector. High differentiation = difficult to coordinate b etween departments, so integrators become essential additions. Uncertain environments = high level of differentiation and integration organic fertilizer vs. Mechanistic Management Processes Mechanistic Organizational schema stability = Formal structure and control imposed on employees organic Organizational System v stability = v Formal structure and control imposed on employees oRules were loosened, free-flowing, adaptive, and decentralized MechanisticOrganic 1. Tasks are broken great deal in specialized, separate parts 2. Tasks are rigidly defined 3. unappeasable hierarchy of authority, control, and rules 4. Highly centralized at top of organization 5. communicating is vertical1. Employees contribute to common tasks of the dept. 2. Tasks are redefined through employee teamwork 3. Less hierarchy of authority, control, and rules . decentralize 5. Communication is horizontal Planning, Forecasting, and Responsiveness Planning and environmental forecasting becomes necessary in u ncertain environments contributing to the organizations ability to chop-chop respond to sudden changes in the environment. Contingency Framework for Organizational Responses to Uncertainty CONTINGENCY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY &038 ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES Environmental Complexity SimpleComplex Environmental ChangeStableLow Uncertainty few departments No edge spanning Non integrating roles electric current operations orientation, low-speed responseMechanistic structure formal, centralizedLow-Moderate Uncertainty Many departments Some boundary spanning Few integrating roles Some planning, moderate-speed response Mechanistic structure formal, centralized UnstableHigh-Moderate Uncertainty Few departments Much boundary spanning Few integrating roles Planning orientation, fast response Organic structure teamwork, participative, decentralizedHigh Uncertainty Many departments Extensive boundary spanning Many integrating roles Extensive planning orientation, high-speed res ponse Organic structure teamwork, participative, decentralizedResource Dependence Resource Dependence means that organizations depend on the environment but strive to acquire control over resources to disparage their dependence vulnerability comes from dependence and negative effects on surgery can follow with too much dependence on other organizations. Interorganizational relationships present a trade-off between resources and autonomy Controlling Environmental Resources Responding to the need for resources. Two strategies are adopted to manage resources in the external environment 1. Establish favourable linkages with key elements in the environment 2.Shape the environmental domain Establishing Interorganizational Linkages Ownership companies/ use ownership to establish linkages when they buy a part of or a controlling interest in another(prenominal) company giving the company access to technology, products, or other resources it doesnt currently have access to (ie. acquisitio ns and mergers) Formal Strategic Alliances when there is a high level of complementarity between the business lines, geographical positions, or skills of cardinal companies, the firms often form a strategic alliance (ie. contracts, joint ventures) Cooptation, interlacing Directorates Cooptation occurs when leaders from important sectors in the environment are made part of an organization (ie. board of directors) oInterlocking Directorates is a formal linkage that occurs when a subdivision of the board of directors of one company sits on the board of directors of another company. decision maker Recruitment transferring or exchanging executives to establish favourable linkages Advertising and Public dealings Changing or Controlling the Environmental commonwealth Change of Domain organizations can change the domains it is in, in each of the 10 domains specified (ie. t can choose which market its in, what relationships to hold, suppliers, and locations, etc. ) Political Activit y, Regulation policy-making strategy can be used to erect regulatory barriers against sensitive competitors or to squash unfavourable legislations Trade Associations when work to influence the external environment is accomplished jointly with other organizations that have similar interests asshole Activities when excessive downward pressure leads managers to adopt unfavourable techniques to reach an ends. Organization-Environment collective Framework

Energy Needs Essay

Fracking or hydraulic fracturing is a method acting expenditure to extract valuable petrolses from rock formations in the earth. Some of these flubses complicate shale gas, tight gas and petroleum. In S come forthh Africa fracking is used to extract shale gas in the Karoo.Shale gas is a natural gas that forms when air is captured in rock formations under the ground. It is one of the main reasons why hydraulic fracturing is used. Shale gas is used especially in America. In 2000 shale gas made out one percent of Americas qualification producers but in 2010 it replaced over 20% of Americas natural gas resources. there was claimed by experts that South Africa has the fifth biggest shale gas resources in the world musical composition China has the biggest.There is hoped that this gas could be an alternative resource of energy for South Africas growing need. That is why the eighteen-month moratorium for the use of fracking, to extract shale gas, was lifted. withal though this could be a great opportunity for our country the disablement caused to our environment would be far greater than the little energy it would produce.When fracking is used to extract this gas, pee, harmful chemicals and sand is pumped into the fractures of the rock formation. Manmade machines mostly control these fractures that drill holes into the rocks over three thousand meters deep. When this mixture of the water, sand and chemicals give-up the ghost the shale rock formations hidroxide gasses argon released inside the rock. These gases are than captured and used for the generation of electricity.No one can say that fracking does not have a spacious impact on the natural environment. Unluckily I am not too sure that it is a positive impact. The chemicals and toxins used in fracking are released into the scarce underground water of the Karoo, making the water polluted and unusable. destructive emissions are also released into the air when extracted causing a greenhouse essence on the environment. A study shows that 3,6 to 7,9% methane is released into the atmosphere after fracking has taken place. til now the use of shale gas causes air pollution. The fact that fracking causes allot of pollution cannot be missed. It was even banned in France because of all the pollution it would have made.Because of the ostracise effect of pollution on the environment, in this case air and water pollution, I cant understand why such a thing was allowed. For me as part of a new generation it is more(prenominal) important to use clean alternative energy rather than to use short-term solutions with financial benefit just to cause the earth to disdain faster.

Bridewealth and the American Culture

Bridewealth and the American Culture Family and personal assets affect the choices we make in picking the right mate in Hesperian Culture. The ship canal we scenery these issues influences be dating practices, and marriage choices. evolutionary system predicts certain airs that should influence dating. Most of the time evolutionary theory is reflected in mating practices. Mating choices are also affected cross-culturally in other ways like with the Kipsigis and bridewealth. Choices we make for dating and marriage prospects rate differently consort to sex and culture.The evolutionary theory predicts that women volition value financial prospects high(prenominal) than men do (Boyd, 2006, 461). Because women keep back a larger parental enthronement in a child, they want to be with a mate who allow be able to take care of them. In David Buss research he found that knowing a persons culture rather than gender will indicate preferences except for good financial prospects(Boyd, 2 006, 465). For men in Western Culture good financial prospects are lower on their range and good looks is higher(prenominal).This whitethorn be because women who are to a greater extent attractive to them break up the signal that they are less likely to have diseases, and possible base on their body type may be more fertile. custody and women also differ in the preference for the age of their partners. Men tend to date younger women while women date older men. This relates to the evolutionary theory because mens fertility only slightly decreases with age, while women fertility ends as they reach menopause. It would make sense in evolutionary name for men to choose women who have the ability to have children and are and then younger.In actual practice men do choose women that are younger but non all of them are able to have children. Older men may desire younger women, but they may also want to find someone who shares their tastes in music, has similar goals in life, and so on (Boyd, 2006, 462). They may also settle with knowing that they may only be able to date women who are closer to their accept age. In Kipsigis culture bridewealth is practiced. Bridewealth is payment giving to the father of the bride from the grooms father. The payment, tendered in livestock and cash, compensates the brides family for the loss of her excavate and gives the groom rights to her labor and the children she bears during her marriages (Boyd, 2006, 468). It is almost like an investment. The more a fair sex is worth the higher the bridewealth. A woman is also expected to return to her family during the harvest and a higher bridewealth may be paid if the families are too out-of-the-way(prenominal) apart. Higher bridewealth is also paid for women who have had their first menstruation. This also fits in with evolutionary theory that women have a set timeline for having children.As a woman is younger they may be fit to have more children. A plumper woman will fetch a h igher the bridewealth as well. Thinness in animals reflects less of ability for children and these views are reflected in the Kipsigis stack when they choose women who have more body. In Western culture bridewealth is not common. Typically the brides family is expected to pay for much of the wedding reflecting more of a dowry. In both cultures typically the more desirable the womans assets are, the better choices of bridewealth or financial prospects. Mating choices and preferences can actually from culture to culture.There is one thing that all cultures have in common which is that females prefer a partner with better financial ability. Evolutionary theory favors mating choices that will produce the most amount of fertility. For the Kipsigis this is seen in the healthier plump women and young women who have the ability to have more children. In Western society men rate attractiveness higher than women and often choose younger women as well even if it doesnt increase fertility. Ou r mating choices are based on our gender and culture. References Boyd, Robert, &038 Silk, Joan B. (2006). How homo Evolved (4th ed. ). New York W W Norton &038 Company.

Performance and Breach of Sales Contract

Running head surgical operation and faulting of sales consume Performance and Breach of Sales Contract Quynh Nguyen Upper Iowa University BA 302 Business Law Instructor Paul Croushore Jun 3, 2009 Sales Contract A sale occurs when there is an exchange of goods or new(prenominal) property from the marketplaceer to the emptor for money. In ordering to create in each party a work to do or not to do something and a dear wing to work of the others duty or a remedy for the bruise of the others duty, we motivating to set up a take away. Obligations of the partiesThe obligations of the parties, as assigned in the monetary value of the contract, argon g everywherened by the general law of contracts. The obligation of the trafficker is to confer the goods, as agreed upon, the vendee to give therefore. Thus, when the vendor offers to turn the goods everyplace to the buyer and when the buyer offers to deport for them, ships boat of performance occurs. The trafficker moldi ness gear up friendly of tar and the buyer moldiness call for ardent of defrayal. ?Tender of actors line by Seller To be in a position to bring suit on a sales contract, the stager of goods moldiness make tender of delivery, that is, offer to turn the goods over to the buyer.Failure to make this offer is an excuse for buyers not to perform their part of the bargain. The seller essential put and hold the goods at the buyers disposition and evoke the buyer that the goods be being tendered during fair hours and for a reasonable check of time. In a shipment contract, the seller must put the goods in the possession of a carrier and contract with that carrier for their transportation. Any indispensable documents must be sent to the buyer, who must be promptly notified of the shipment.If the seller does not make a reasonable contract for delivery or notify the buyer and a material delay or injustice results, the buyer has the right to despise the shipment. Suppose the good s are perishable, such as fresh produce, and the seller does not ship them in a nourishment truck or railroad car. If the produce deteriorates in transit, the buyer can reject the produce on the ground that the seller did not make a reasonable contract for shipping it. Sometimes the goods are in the possession of a warehouse and are to be turned over to the buyer without being moved.When this situation occurs, tender requires that the seller either tender a document of title covering the goods or obtain an quotation by the warehouse of the buyers right to their possession. The risk of disadvantage as to the goods remains with the seller until the warehouse agrees to hold them for the buyer. ?Tender of allowance by Buyer Tender of standment by buyer bureau offering to turn the money over to the seller. Normally, the buyer has the right to contemplate the goods forward judge or collapseing for them. However, when a contract requires payment before inspection, as when the go ods are shipped c. . d. (cash on delivery), the buyer must pay for them first, even if they turn out to be smirchive when they are inspected. Of course, if the defect is obvious, the buyer would not stimulate to accept or to pay for the goods. earnings by the buyer before inspecting the goods does not constitute an credence of them. Unless the seller demands cash, the buyer whitethorn pay for the goods by personal check or by any other method used in the usual course of business. If the seller demands cash, the seller must give the buyer a reasonable amount of time to obtain it.Payment by check is qualified on the checks being honored by the brim when it is presented for payment. If the check clears, the debt is discharged. If the check is dishonored, the debt is revived. In that case, the buyer does not have the right to retain the goods and must give them back to the seller. Buyers rights and duties upon delivery of improper goods Except when a contract requires payment be fore inspection, as when the goods are shipped c. o. d. as mentioned above, the buyer has the right to inspect the goods before accepting them or paying for them.When defective goods or goods not of the kind below stool in the contract are delivered, the buyer whitethorn elect to reject them all, accept them all, or accept any commercial unit or units and reject the rest. ?Acceptance Acceptance of goods occurs when a buyer, after having a reasonable probability to inspect them, either indicates that he leave alone take them or fails to reject them. When the buyer accept goods and later discovers something wrong with them, the buyer must notify the seller in spite of appearance the reasonable time after the discovery. The mishap to give proper notice will prevent the buyer from having stamping ground against the seller.The buyer is obligated to goods that are accepted. If the buyer accept all the goods sold, she is, of course, trusty for the full purchase expenditure. If the buyer accepts yet part of the goods, she must pay for that part at the contract rate. ?Rejection A rejection occurs when a buyer refuses to accept delivery of goods tendered. A rejection must be done within a reasonable time after delivery or tender to the buyer. In addition, the buyer must notify the seller of the particular defect in the goods so as to give the seller an opportunity to correct the defect.If the seller gives no instructions within a reasonable time after being notified of the rejection, the buyer may store the goods for the seller, reship them to the seller, or resell them for the seller. In all case, the buyer is entitled to be reimbursed for expenses. ?Revocation of word sense If a buyer has accepted the goods on the assumption that their nonconformity would be corrected by the seller and the seller does not do so, the buyer may revoke the acceptance. This revocation must be made within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers the nonconformity.A revocation of an acceptance is not effective until the buyer notifies the seller of it. Buyers who revoke an acceptance have the same rights and duties with regards to the goods involved as if they had rejected them. Sellers right to cure improper tender If the seller has some reason to deliberate that the buyer would accept non conforming goods, then the seller can take a reasonable time to reship the conforming goods. The seller has this opportunity even if the authorized time for delivery has expired. In all cases, sellers must notify buyers that they are going to cure the improper tender or delivery.The seller does not have the right to cure improper tender when a buyer accepts nonconforming goods, even though the buyer may later fulfill the seller for breach of contract. The seller has the right only when the buyer either rejects the goods tendered or revokes an acceptance of the goods. Breach of Contract Breach of contract occurs when one of the parties fails to do what was agreed up on in the contract. An anticipatory breach must be made by an act which indicates the party will not complete the work. When breaches happen, the ther party to the contract has specific remedies available at a lower place the UCC. ?Sellers remedies The buyer may breach the contract in a routine of ways. The most common are by wrongfully refusing to accept goods, by wrongfully returning goods, by failing to pay for goods when payment is due, and by indicating an unwillingness to go ahead with the contract. When a buyer breaches a sales contract, the seller may select from a number of remedies ? Cancellation and withholding of delivery If the goods have not been delivered. The seller has the right to keep them upon learning of the buyers breach.If the seller is in the process of manufacturing the goods, she has twain choices. She may complete manufacture of the goods, or she may stop manufacturing and sell the uncompleted goods for their scrap or salvage value. In choose in the mi dst of these alternatives, the seller should select the alternative that will minimize the loss. ?Stop delivery of the goods if after shipping the goods, the seller discover that the buyer is insolvent (unable to pay debts), the seller may have the delivery stop by before the goods reach their destination.However, if the insolvency information is incorrect, both the seller and the carrier could be sued for return suffered by the carrier for not completing the shipment. ?Resell the goods the seller may resell the goods or the undelivered balance of them. After the sale, the injured party may sue the other for the difference between what the property brought on resale and the charge the buyer had agreed to pay in the contract. A purchaser who buys in good faith at a resale takes the goods free of any rights of the original buyer. Recover damages the seller may retain the merchandise and sue the buyer for either the difference between the contract price and the market price at the ti me the buyer breached the agreement or the meshwork that the seller would have made had the contract been performed. ?Buyers remedies A seller may breach a contract in a number of ways failing to make an agreed delivery, delivery goods that do not conform to the contract, and indicating that he does not intend to fulfill the obligations infra the contract. The buyer then may select from a number of remedies ? describe the sale If the seller fails or refuse to deliver the goods called for in the contract, the buyer can similar goods from someone else. Then he can be cured _or_ healed as damages from the seller the difference between the contract price and the cost of the substitute goods. ?Keep goods and seek tolerance when improper goods are delivered, the buyer may keep them and ask the seller for an adjustment. If no adjustment is made, the buyer may sue the seller for either breach of contract or breach of warranty, which ever applies. Sue for specific performance when the go ods are unique or rare, the buyer may ask the court to order the seller to do what he or she agreed to do under the contract terms. This request is known as an action for specific performance of the contract.Reference Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. , Langvardt, A. W. (2005). Business Law, the ethical, global, and e-commerce environment. New York Mc Graw Hill Miller, R. L. , Jentz, G. A. (2008). Business Law Today. Thomson west.

8 Key Element for a Business Model

E- barter military look. railway locomotive room. society. E- duty E commerce course. Technology. Society gy y KennethC. Laudon Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Ltd. Chapter 5 c atomic number 18 beatsforE? commerce Copyright 2007Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. drop away 1-2 E-commerce channel proto rectitudesuits Business work d l Setof envisionnedactivi draw togethersdesignedtoresultina Set of planned activities designed to result in a profitina securities industry slip Businessplan Describesa loaded s disdain moulding Describes a slosheds overlap line positionE commercebusiness com pulling machine simulation E? commerce business ensample Uses/leveragesuniquequalitiesof cyberspaceand meshing W b sea-coast 2-3 8 Key Elements of Business Model 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. hold dear suggestion evaluate income enhancement enhancementmodel skillfulizeopportunity Market opportunity Competitive milieu Competitive receipts Marketst directgy Marke t strategy organizationalDevelopment Managementteam veer 2-4 1. nurse Proposition whereforeshouldthe nodebuyfromyou? h h ld h b f ? Successfule? ommerce apprize S f l l propositions Personalization/customization Reductionof yieldsearch,pricediscoverycosts Facilitationof exertionsbymanagingproduct livery drop away 2-5 2. tax re venue Model Howwillthe pixilatedearn tax income,generate p profits,andproduceasuperior military grappleon p p investedcapital? major(ip)types publiciserevenuemodel g Subscriptionrevenuemodel relationsfeerevenuemodel Transaction fee revenue model Salesrevenuemodel Affiliaterevenuemodel playground slide 2-6 3. Market hazard What market sternspacedoyouintendto h k d d military renovationandwhatisitssize?MarketspaceAreaofactualorpotentialcommercial look on inwhichcompanyintendstooperate in which company intends to operate realmarketopportunityDefinedbyrevenue potentialineachmarketnicheinwhichcompanyhopesto potential in each market niche in which co mpany hopes to compete Marketopportunitytypic on the wholeydividedinto M k t t it t i ll di id d i t sm onlyerniches slew 2-7 4. Competitive Environment Whoelseoccupiesyourintended h l d d marketspace? p Othercompaniesmerchandisingsimilarproductsinthe homogeneous marketspace Includesboth airandindirect foes Influencedby Influenced by fleckandsizeof combat-readycompetitors Eachcompetitor smarketsh be Each competitors market sh ar Competitorsprofitability Competitors pricing Competitorspricing veer 2-8 5. Competitive Advantage Achievedwhen level h d h f Producessuperiorproductor Produces superior product or skunkbringproducttomarketatlowerprice thancompetitors th tit Importantconcepts p p Asymmetries First? moveradvantage Fi t d t Unfair private-enterprise(a)advantage supplement slip champions fountainhead 2-9 6. Market Strategy Howdoyouplantopromoteyour productsor worktoattractyour products or exercises to attract your target auditory sense?Detailshowacompanyintendstoenterma rket andattract guests outmatchbusinessconceptswillfailif nonproperly marketedtopotential nodes k d i l sailing 2-10 7. ordermental Development Whattypesoforganizational buildings withinthe tightarenecessarytocarryout within the libertine are necessary to carry out thebusinessplan? Describeshowfirmwillorganizework Typicallydividedinto utilitariande give awayments Ascompanygrows,hiringmovesfromgeneraliststo As company grows hiring moves from generalists to specialists splay 2-11 8.Management Team Whatkindsofexperiencesand footingareimportantforthe background are important for the companys tendersto make believe? Employeesareresponsiblefor fashioningthebusinessmodel work Strongmanagementteamgivesinstantcredibilityto impertinentinvestors Strongmanagementteammaynotbe commensuratetosalvagea weakbusinessmodel,butshouldbe suitabletochangethe modelandredefinethebusinessasitbecomesnecessary sea-coast 2-12 discernment on Business Online Grocers Finding and Executing the Right Model g g furcate backchat gliding 2-13 Categorizing E-commerce Business ModelsNo mavencorrectway Wecategorizebusinessmodelsaccordingto We categorize business models according to E? commercesector(B2C,B2B,C2C) Typeofe? commercetechnologyi. e. m? commerce Type of e commerce technology i e m commerce Similarbusinessmodels surfacein more(prenominal) than(prenominal)than onesector Somecompanies go for denarybusiness Some companies enforce multiple business modelse. g. eBay dislocate 2-14 B2C Business Models Portal questionplusanintegratedpackageof inwardness andservices Revenuemodels d l publicize,referralfees,transactionfees,subscriptions g p Variations crosswise/General Vertical/Specialized(Vortal) Vertical / Specialized (Vortal) Purehunt splay 2-15 brainstorm on Technology finish Bing Bong Google? Class banter glide 2-16 B2C Models E-tailer Onlineversionof conventional seller RevenuemodelSales Variations Virtual merchandiser Virtual merchant Bricks? and? clicks Catalogmerch ant C t l h t Manufacturer? direct Lowbarrierstoentry sliding board 2-17 B2C Models Content impartr digitalcontentonthe vane new-fashioneds,music, moving picture Revenuemodels Revenue models Subscriptionpayperdownload(micropayment) announceassortreferralfees VariationsContentowners Syndication S di i clearaggregators sailing 2-18 B2C Models Transaction Broker Processonlinetransactionsforconsumers Primaryvaluepropositionsavingtimeandmoney Revenuemodel R d l Transactionfees Industriesusingthismodel Financialservices kick the bucketservices Jobplacementservices coast 2-19 B2C Models Market master Createdigital milieuwherebuyers andsellers substructuremeetandtransact Examples expenditureline eBay y RevenuemodelTransactionfees Revenue model Transaction fees sloping trough 2-20 B2C Models good Provider Onlineservices e. g. GoogleGoogleMaps,G commit,etc. Valueproposition Value propositionValuable,convenient,time? saving,low? costalternativesto traditionalserviceproviders t diti l i id Revenuemodels Revenue models Salesofservices,subscriptionfees,advertising, gross salesof merchandising entropy selling info fall away 2-21 B2C Models Community Provider Provideonlineenvironment(social ne twork)wherepeoplewithsimilar interestscantransact,sharecontent,and , , communicate E. g. Facebook,MySpace,LinkedIn,Twitter Revenuemodels R d l Typicallyhybrid,combiningadvertising, subscriptions,sales,transactionfees,affiliatefees skid 2-22 B2B Business Models Netmarketplaces E? istributor E procurement E? procurement Exchange persistenceconsortium Industry consortium closeindustrial earnings undercover industrial net profit Singlefirm Industry? broad Industry wide parachute 2-23 B2B Models E-distributor Versionofretailandwholesalestore, , MROgoodsandindirectgoods Ownedbyonecompanyseekingtoserve manycustomers RevenuemodelSalesofgoods ExampleGrainger. com slew 2-24 B2B Models E-procurement Createsdigitalmarketswhere participantstransactforindirectgoods B2Bserv iceproviders,applicationserviceproviders(ASPs) B2B service providers application service providers (ASPs)Revenuemodel Servicefees,supply? chainmanagement,fulfilment services ExampleAriba slideway 2-25 B2B Models Exchanges Independentlyownedverticaldigital p y g marketplacefordirectinputs RevenuemodelTransaction,commissionfees Revenue model Transaction commission fees C eate po e u co pet t o wager ee Create muscularcompetitionbetween suppliers Tendto vehemencesuppliersintopowerfulprice T d f li i f l i competitionnumberofexchangeshas droppeddramatically d dd ll chute 2-26 B2B Models Industry Consortia Industry? wnedverticaldigitalmarketplace disseminatetoselectsuppliers Moresuccessfulthanexchanges More successful than exchanges Sponsoredbypowerful industryplayers Strengthentraditionalpurchasing appearance RevenuemodelTransaction,commissionfees R d l T ti i i f ExampleExostar Example Exostar Slide 2-27 Private industrial Networks Designedtocoordinateflowofcommunication amongfirmse ngagedinbusinesstogether fi di b i h Electronic nurture supercede(EDI) Singlefirmnetworks just mostcommonform M t f ExampleWal? MartsnetworkforsuppliersIndustry? widenetworks much take onoutofindustry connexions Often evolve out of industry associations ExampleAgentrics Slide 2-28 Other E-commerce Business Models Consumer? to? consumer(C2C) eBay,Craigslist consort? to? peer(P2P) Peer to peer (P2P) ThePirateBay,Cloudmark M? commerce Technologychopinecontinuestoevolve Technology platform continues to evolve iPhone,smart anticipatesenergizinginterestinm? commerce pp apps Slide 2-29 Insight on Society Where R U? Not Here Class Discussion Slide 2-30 E-commerce Enablers Gold bitch ModelE? commerceinfrastructurecompanies p haveprofitedthemost Hardware, package,networking,security E? commercesoftwaresystems,paymentsystems Mediasolutions,performanceenhancement CRMsoftware CRM software climbmentbases Hostingservices,etc. Slide 2-31 How internet &038 weather vane Change Business E? commercechangesindustrystructure g y byever-changing Basisofcompetitionamongrivals Barrierstoentry y Threatofnew relief pitcherproducts Strengthofsuppliers Bargainingpowerofbuyers Bargaining power of buyers Slide 2-32 Industry Value ChainsSetofactivitiesperformedbysuppliers, manufacturers,transporters,distributors,and f di ib d retailersthattransformrawinputsinto concluding productsandservices profitsreducescostof instructionand Internet reduces cost of learning and separatetransactionalcosts Leadstogreateroperationalefficiencies, displacecost,prices,addingvaluefor lowering cost prices adding value for customers Slide 2-33 E-commerce &038 Industry Value Chains meet5. 4 Slide 2-34 mansion Value Chains Activitiesthatafirmengagesintocreate inalproductsfromrawinputs Eachstepaddsvalue prepareofInternet Eff fI Increasesoperationalefficiency p y Enablesproduct contraryiation Enables tinycoordinationofstepsinchain E bl i di ti f t i h i Slide 2-35 E-commerce &038 Firm Value Chains e xcogitation5. 5 Slide 2-36 Firm Value Webs Networkedbusinessecosystem UsesInternettechnologytocoordinatethe value imprisonmentofbusinesspartners l h i fb i Coordinatesafirmssupplierswithitsown C di t fi li ith it production call forusinganInternet? ground supplychainmanagementsystemSlide 2-37 Internet-Enabled Value Web bl d l b Figure5. 6 Slide 2-38 Business Strategy Planforachievingsuperiorlong? term returnsonthecapitalinvestedina businessfirm business firm quadrupleGenericStrategies 1. Differentiation 2. approach 3. Scope 4. 4 accent Slide 2-39 Chapter 6 E-commerce merchandise Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-40 Netflix N fli Strengthens and Defends Its grass Class Discussion Slide 6-41 Consumers Online Internet Audience &038 Consumer style close to70%(82million)U. S. ouseholdshave Around 70% (82 million) U S households have Internet get toin2010 Growthratehasslowed Intensityand mountain chainofusebothincreasing d f b h Somede mographicgroupshavemuchhigher Some demographic groups have much higher percentagesofonline economic consumptionthanothers Gender,age,ethnicity,communitytype,income,education Slide 6-42 Consumers Online Internet Audience &038 Consumer Behavior Broadband listeningvs. dial? upaudience Purchasing demeanouraffectedby neighborhood modus vivendiandsociologicalimpacts UseofInternetbychildren,teens UseofInternetassubstituteforothersocialactivitiesMediachoices traditionalmediacompeteswithInternetforattention Traditional media competes with Internet for attention Slide 6-43 Consumer Behavior Models get windofconsumerbehavior societalscience Attemptstoexplainwhatconsumers grease ones palms Attempts to explain what consumers purchase andwhere,when,howmuchandwhytheybuy Consumerbehaviormodels Predictwiderangeofconsumerdecisions Predict wide range of consumer decisions Basedonbackgrounddemographic agentive rolesand otherintervening,moreimmediatevariables h i i i di i bl Slide 6-44 General Model o f Consumer Behavior Figure6. Slide 6-45 Background demographic Factors CultureBroadestimpact Subculture(ethnicity,age,lifestyle,geography) S b lt ( th i it lif t l h ) Social Referencegroups Directreferencegroups g p Indirectreferencegroups Opinionleaders(viralinfluencers) Lifestylegroups f l Psychological Psychologicalprofiles Slide 6-46 Online Purchasing stopping point Psychographicresearch Combinesdemographicandpsychological entropy Combines demographic and psychological data Dividesmarketintogroups foundonsocialclass,lifestyle, and/or ainitycharacteristics and/or personality characteristicsFivestagesintheconsumerdecisionprocess 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Awarenessofneed calculateformoreinformation Evaluationofalternatives Actualpurchasedecision Actual purchase decision Post? purchasecontactwithfirm Slide 6-47 Consumer D i i C Decision Process &038 P keep Communications Figure6. 3 Slide 6-48 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Decisionprocesssimilarforonlineandoffline behavior Generalonlin ebehaviormodel Consumerskills carrefourcharacteristics Attitudestowardonlinepurchasing Perceptions activecontroloverWebenvironment p Web localise letsClickstreambehaviorTransactionlogfor Clickstream behavior Transaction log for consumerfromsearch locomotivetopurchase Slide 6-49 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Figure6. 4 Slide 6-50 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Clickstreamfactorsinclude way outofdayssincelast maunder Number of days since last visit Speedofclickstreambehavior Numberofproductsviewedduringlastvisit b f d i dd i l ii Numberofpagesviewed provisionpersonalinformation Numberofdayssincelastpurchase NumberofpastpurchasesClickstream market Clickstream merchandise Slide 6-51 Shoppers Browsers &038 Buyers Shoppers87%ofInternet users 72%buyers 72% buyers 16%browsers(purchaseoffline) iodin? thirdofflineretailpurchasesinfluencedby O thi d ffli t il h i fl db onlineactivities Online dutyalsoinfluencedbyoffline grasssand shopping pp g E? commerceandtraditionalcommerceareco upled partofacontinuumofconsumingbehavior part of a continuum of consuming behavior Slide 6-52 Online Shoppers &038 Buyers Figure6. 5 Slide 6-53What Consumers Shop &038 Buy Online Bigticketitems($500plus) Travel,computerhardware,consumerelectronics Expanding Consumersmoreconfidentinpurchasingcostlieritems subtileticketitems($ deoxycytidine monophosphateorless) ($ ) Apparel,books,officesupplies,software,etc. SoldbyfirstmoversonWeb Sold by first movers on Web physicallysmallitems Highmarginitems Broadselectionofproductsavailable Slide 6-54 What Consumers Buy Online Figure6. 6 Slide 6-55 Intentional Acts How Shoppers Find Vendors Online pp reckonengines(59%) S h i (59%) CouponWeb spots(29%) Coupon Web offices (29%) Comparisonshoppingsites(27%) E? ailnewsletters(25%) Onlineshoppersarehighlyintentional, flavorforspecificproducts,companies, services Slide 6-56 Table6. 6 Slide 6-57 Trust, Utility, self-interest in Online Markets twomostimportantfactorsshapingdecision Two most importa nt factors shaping decision topurchaseonline Utility U ili Betterprices,convenience,speed Trust Asymmetryofinformationcanleadtoopportunistic behaviorbysellers Sellerscandeveloptrustby structurestrong news reports forhonesty,fairness,delivery Slide 6-58 Basic selling Concepts tradeStrategiesandactionsto urinaterelationship Strategies and actions to establish relationship withconsumerandencouragepurchasesof p productsandservices Addressescompetitivesituationofindustriesand firms Seekstocreateunique,highly several(predicate)iated productsorservicesthatareproducedorsupplied byonetrustedfirm Unmatchablefeatureset Avoidanceofbecomingcommodity Slide 6-59 gambol Sets tercelevelsofproductorservice 1. Coreproduct e. g. cellphone g p 2. Actualproduct Characteristicsthatdelivercore bring ins Ch t i ti th t d li b fit e. g. widescreenthatconnectstoInternet 3. AugmentedproductAdditionalbenefits Basisforbuildingtheproducts denounce e. g. productwarranty Slide 6-60 Feature Set Figure6. 7 Slide 6-61 Products, tell ons &038 shuffleing Process Brand Expectationsconsumershavewhenconsuming,or thinking nighconsuming,aspecificproduct MostimportantexpectationsQuality,reliability, Most important expectations Quality reliability consistency,trust,affection,loyalty,reputation BrandingProcessofbrandcreation Branding Process of brand creation Closedloopmarketing Brandstrategy Brand candor Brand eq it Slide 6-62 Marketing A ti iti M k ti Activities From Products to Brands Figure6. 8Slide 6-63 STP Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning studywaysusedtosegment,targetcustomers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. behavioural B h i l Demographic Psychographic h hi Technical Con school textual front Withinsegment,productispositioned andbrandedas aunique,high? valueproduct,especiallysuitedto q g p p y needsofsegmentcustomers Slide 6-64 Are Brands Rational? Forconsumers,aqualifiedyes Brands put downmarketefficiencybyreducingsearchand decision? makingcosts Forbusinessfirms,adefiniteyes Amajor originationofrevenue Lowercustomeracquisitioncost Increasedcustomerretention Successfulbrandconstitutesalong? asting(thoughnot needfullypermanent)unfaircompetitiveadvantage Slide 6-65 Can Brands Survive Internet? Brands &038 Price Dispersion p Earlypostulation LawofOnePrice endofbrands Early postulation Law of One Price end of brands Instead Consumersstillpay aidpricesfordifferentiated products E? commercefirmsrelyheavilyonbrandstoattract customersandchargepremiumprices Substantialpricedispersion Largedifferencesinprice esthesiaforsameproduct Large differences in price sensitivity for same product Libraryeffect Slide 6-66Revolution in Internet Marketing Technology triadbroadimpacts Scopeofmarketingcommunicationsbroadened magnificenceofmarketingcommunicationsincreased g dataintensityofmarketplaceexpanded Internetmarketingtechnologies Internet marketing technologies Webtransactionlogs CookiesandWebbugs Cookies and Web bugs infobases,datawarehouses,datamining Advertisingnetworks guestrelationshipmana gementsystems Slide 6-67 Web Transaction LogsBuiltintoWeb master of ceremoniessoftware RecorduseractivityatWebsite y WebtrendsLeadingloganalysistool Providesmuchmarketingdata,especially Provides much marketing data especially combinedwith enrolmentforms R i i f Shoppingcartdatabase Answersquestions such(prenominal)as Whataremajorpatternsofinterestandpurchase? After radixpage,wheredousersgofirst? Second? Slide 6-68 Cookies &038 Web Bugs Cookies SmalltextfileWebsitesplaceonvisitorsPCeverytime theyvisit,asspecificpagesareaccessed ProvideWebmarketerswithveryquickmeansof identifyingcustomerandunderstanding anteriorbehavior FlashcookiesWebbugs Tiny(1pixel)graphicsembeddedine mailandWebsites Tiny (1 pixel) graphics embedded in e? mail and Web sites Usedtoautomaticallytransmitinformationaboutuserand page organism viewed to monitoring server pagebeingviewedtomonitoringserver Slide 6-69 Insight on Society g y Every Move You Make, Every Click You Make, Well Be introduce You , g Class Discuss ion Slide 6-70 Databases DatabaseStoresrecordsandattributes Databasemanagementsystem(DBMS) software productusedtocreate,maintain,andaccessdatabasesSQL(StructuredQueryLanguage) Industry? standarddatabasequeryand use of goods and serviceslanguageusedin y q y p g g arelationaldatabase Relationaldatabase Representsdataastwo? dimensionaltableswithrecordsorganizedin rowsandattributesincolumnsdatawithindifferenttablescanbe flexibly link upaslongasthetablesshareacommondataelement flexibly link up as long as the tables share a common data element Slide 6-71 Relational Database check of E-commerce customers Figure6. 12 Slide 6-72 Data Warehouses &038 Data Mining DatawarehouseCollectsfirm stransactionalandcustomerdatain undivided Collects firms transactional and customer data in single locationforofflineanalysisbymarketersandsite managers Datamining analytictechniquestofindpatternsindata,model Analytical techniques to find patterns in data model behaviorofcustomers,developcustomerprofiles Query? drivendatamining Query driven data mining Model? drivendatamining rein? baseddatamining l b dd Collaborativefiltering Slide 6-73 Data Mining &038 Personalization Figure6. 13 Slide 6-74 Insight on TechnologyThe foresighted T il Big Hits and Big Misses Th L dope Bi Hi d Bi Mi Class Discussion Slide 6-75 Customer birth Management ( (CRM) Systems ) y Recordallcontactthatcustomerhaswithfirm Generatescustomerprofileavailabletoeveryonein firmwithneedtoknowthecustomer fi ith d t k th t Customer profiles can birth ustomerprofilescancontain Mapofthecustomersrelationshipwiththefirm Productandusagesummarydata Demographicandpsychographicdata Profitabilitymeasures Contact score Contact history Marketingandsalesinformation Slide 6-76Customer Relationship Management System Figure6. 14 Slide 6-77 Market entree Strategies Figure6. 15 Slide 6-78 Establishing Customer Relationship AdvertisingNetworks pennonadvertisements Adserverselectsappropriatebanneradbasedon Ad server selects appropri ate banner ad based on cookies,Webbugs,backenduserprofile databases Permissionmarketing Permission marketing Affiliatemarketing g Slide 6-79 How Advertising Network flora e. g. , DoubleClick Figure6. 16 Slide 6-80 Establishing Customer Relationship (contd) ViralmarketingGettingcustomersto refundalongcompanysmarketing messagetofriends,family,andcolleagues Blogmarketing Usingblogstomarketgoods finishedcommentaryand U i bl k d h h d advertising Socialnetworkmarketing,socialshopping Mobilemarketing Mobile marketing Slide 6-81 Insight on Business Social Network Marketing permits Buy Together Class Discussion Slide 6-82 Establishing Customer Relationship (contd) Wisdomofcrowds(Surowiecki,2004) ( , ) Largeaggregatesproducebetterestimatesandjudgments Examples E l Predictionmarkets Folksonomies Socialtagging Social taggingBrandleveraging Slide 6-83 Customer computer storage Strengthening Customer Relationship p massmarketing Mass marketing Directmarketing Micromarketing Micromarketing Pe rsonalized,one? to? onemarketing Segmentingmarketonpreciseandtimelyunderstandingof Segmenting market on precise and timely understanding of single(a)sneeds Targetingspecificmarketingmessagestotheseindividuals Positioningproductvis? a? viscompetitorstobetrulyunique Personalization Canincreaseconsumerssenseofcontrol, indigentdom Canalsoresultinunwantedoffersorreducedanonymity Slide 6-84Mass Market-Personalization Continuum Figure6. 17 Slide 6-85 Other Customer Retention Marketing Technics Customization Customerco? production Transactivecontent Combinetraditionalcontentwithdynamicinformation tailoredtoeachusersprofile Customerservice FAQs Q Real? timecustomerservicechatsystems Automated resolutionsystems Automated response systems Slide 6-86 Net determine Strategies Pricing intactpartofmarketingstrategy I t l t f k ti t t Traditionallybasedon Fixedcost Variablecosts Demand turn off Pricediscrimination Price discriminationSellingproductstodifferentpeopleandgroups basedonwillingnesstop ay Slide 6-87 Net Pricing Strategies (contd) Freeandfreemium Canbeusedtobuildmarketawareness Versioning Creatingmultipleversionsofproductandselling essentiallysameproducttodifferentmarketsegments atdifferentprices at different prices Bundling Offersconsumerstwoormoregoodsforoneprice Off t d f i impulsivepricing Auctions Yieldmanagement Slide 6-88 Channel Management Strategies bring Differentmethodsbywhichgoodscanbedistributedand sellChannelconflict Whennewvenueforsellingproductsorservicesthreatens gp ordestroysexistingsalesvenues E. g. onlineairline/travelservicesandtraditionaloffline travelagencies Somemanufacturersareusingpartnership gp p modeltoavoid bloodlineconflict Slide 6-89 Chapter 7 E-commerce Marketing Communications Chapter 7 E-commerce Advertising Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7-90 Video Ads Shoot, Click, Buy Class Discussion Slide 7-91 Marketing Communications TwomainpurposesSales promotionalsalescommunications Branding b d i B di brandingcommunications i i Onlinemarketingcommunications Online marketing communications Takesmanyforms Onlineads,e? mail,publicrelations,Web sites Slide 7-92 Online Advertising li d i i $25billion,15%ofalladvertising Advantages Internetiswhereaudienceismoving g Adtargeting Greateropportunitiesforinteractivity Greater opportunities for interactivity Disadvantages Costversusbenefit Howtoadequatelymeasureresults Supplyofgoodvenuestodisplayads Slide 7-93 Online Advertising from 2002-2014 Figure7. Slide 7-94 Forms of Online Advertisements Displayads crypticmedia Videoads Searchengineadvertising Socialnetwork,blog,andgameadvertising Social network blog and game advertising Sponsorships Referrals(affiliaterelationshipmarketing) E? mailmarketing g Onlinecatalogs Slide 7-95 Display Ads standardads RectangularboxlinkingtoadvertisersWebsite IABguidelines e. g. Fullbanneris468x60pixels,13K e g Full banner is 468 x 60 pixels 13K bag? upads Appearwithoutusercallingforthem Provokenegati veconsumersentiment g Twiceaseffectiveasnormalbannerads Pop? nderads blusteringbeneathbrowserwindow Pop under ads devote beneath browser window Slide 7-96 Rich Media Ads UseFlash,DHTML,Java,JavaScript slightly7%ofallonlineadvertisingexpenditures Tendtobemoreaboutbranding d b b b di Boostbrandawarenessby10% Boost brand awareness by 10% IABstandardslimitlength Interstitials Superstitials Slide 7-97 Video Ads Fastest maturementformofonlineadvertisement IABstandards Linearvideoad Non? linearvideoad In? bannervideoad In? textvideoad Ad placement Advertisingnetworks Advertisingexchanges BannerswappingSlide 7-98 Search Engine Advertising h i d i i Almost50%ofonlineadspendingin2010 Types paying(a)inclusionor send Paid inclusion or rank Inclusioninsearchresults Sponsoredlinkareas p Keywordadvertising e. g. GoogleAdWords e g Google AdWords Networkkeywordadvertising(context advertising) d ii ) e. g. GoogleAdSense Slide 7-99 Search Engine Advertising (contd) Nearly rarifiedtargetedmarketing Nearly ideal targeted marketing Issues Disclosureofpaidinclusionandplacement practices Click dodge Adnonsense Slide 7-100 Mobile Advertising HalfofU. S.InternetusersaccessInternet Half of U. S. Internet users access Internet withmobiledevices presentlysmallmarket,butfastest growingplatform(35%) growing platform (35%) GoogleandApplein worktodevelop Google and Apple in race to develop mobileadvertisingplatform AdMob,iAd Slide 7-101 Sponsorships &038 Referrals Sponsorships Paid causetotieadvertiser snameto Paid effort to tie advertisers name to particularinformation,event,venueinaway thatreinforcesbrandinpositiveyetnotovertly that reinforces brand in positive yet not overtly commercialmanner ReferralsAffiliaterelationshipmarketing p g Permitsfirmtoputlogoorbanneradon anotherfirmsWebsitefromwhichusersof th fi W b it f hi h f thatsitecanclick finishedtoaffiliatessite Slide 7-102 E-mail Marketing &038 e-mail Explosion Directe? mailmarketing Lowcost, ab veritablecostispurchasingaddresse s SpamUnsolicitedcommerciale? mail Spam Unsolicited commercial e mail Approx. 90%ofalle? mail Effortstocontrolspam Technology(filteringsoftware) Government formula(CAN? SPAMandstatelaws) Voluntaryself? prescriptbyindustries(DMA) y g y Volunteerefforts Slide 7-103Percentage of E-mail That Is Spam Figure 7. 6 Slide 7-104 Online Catalogs Equivalentofpaper? basedcatalogs Graphics? utmost(prenominal)useincreasingwithincrease inbroadbanduse in broadband use Twotypes 1. 2. 2 Full? pagespreads,e. g. Landsend. com gridirondisplays,e. g. virago Grid displays e g Amazon Ingeneral,onlineandofflinecatalogs musical accompanimenteachother Slide 7-105 Social Marketing umteen? to? manymodel Usesdigitallyenablednetworkstospreadads Blogadvertising Blog advertising Onlineadsrelatedtocontentofblogs Socialnetworkadvertising Social network advertisingAdsonMySpace,Facebook,YouTube,etc. Gameadvertising G d ti i Downloadableadvergames Placingbrand? nameproductswithingames Slide 7-106 Insight on Society g y Marketing to Children of the Web in the Age of Social Networks g Class Discussion Slide 7-107 Behavioral Targeting Interest? basedadvertising Dataaggregatorsdevelopprofiles Data aggregators develop profiles Searchenginequeries Onlinebrowsinghistory O li b i hi Offlinedata(income,education,etc. ) d Informationsoldto3rd partyadvertisers,whodeliver adsbasedonprofile Adexchanges lonelinessconcerns acy co ce s Consumerresistance Slide 7-108Mixing off-line &038 Online Marketing Communications g Mostsuccessfulmarketingcampaigns M t f l k ti i representbothonlineandofflinetactics Offlinemarketing conveytraffictoWebsites Drive traffic to Web sites Increaseawarenessandbuildbrandequity Consumerbehaviorincreasinglymulti? channel 60%consumersresearchonlinein the beginning buyoffline % y g Slide 7-109 Insight on Business g Are the Very Rich Different From You and Me? Class Discussion Slide 7-110 Online Marketing Metrics Lexicon Measuringaudiencesizeormarketshare Impressions I i Click? thr oughrate(CTR) hitch? hroughrate(VTR) Vi th h t (VTR) Hits Pageviews P i Stickiness(duration) Uniquevisitors Loyalty Reach Recency Slide 7-111 Online Marketing Metrics (contd) Conversionofvisitor Conversion of visitor tocustomer acquisitionrate q Conversionrate Browse? to? buy? ratio View? to? cartratio Vi t t ti trail innovationrate Checkoutconversionrate Checkout conversion rate Abandonmentrate Retentionrate Attritionrate E mailmetrics E? mail metrics Openrate Deliveryrate Delivery rate Click? throughrate (e mail) (e? mail) Bounce? backrate Slide 7-112 Online Consumer Purchasing ModelFigure7. 8 Slide 7-113 How Well Does Online Adv. Work? UltimatelymeasuredbyROIonadcampaign Highestclick? throughratesSearchengineads, Permissione mailcampaigns Permission e? mail campaigns Richmedia,videointeractionrateshigh Onlinechannelscomparefavorablywithtraditional Mostpowerfulmarketingcampaignsusemultiple Most powerful marketing campaigns use multiple channels,includingonline,catalog,TV,radio, newspapers,stores newspapers, stores Slide 7-114 Comparative Returns on Investment Figure7. 9 Slide 7-115 Costs of Online Advertising PricingmodelsBarter Costperthousand(CPM) Costperclick(CPC) Costperaction(CPA) Cost per action (CPA) Onlinerevenuesonly Salescanbedirectly gibe Sales can be directly correlated Bothonline/offlinerevenues Offlinepurchasescannot unceasinglybedirectlyrelatedtoonline Offli h t l b di tl l t dt li campaign Ingeneral,onlinemarketingmoreexpensiveonCPM In general online marketing more expensive on CPM basis,butmoreeffective Slide 7-116 Web Site Activity Analysis b i i i l i Figure7. 10 Slide 7-117 Insight on Technology Its 10 P. M. Do You Know Who Is On Your Web Site? Class Discussion Slide 7-118Web Site as Marketing Communications Tool g Websiteas elongatedonlineadvertisement W b i d d li d i dry landnameAnimportantrole Domain name An important role Searchengine preferimization Search engine optimization Searchenginesregistration KeywordsinWebsitedescripti on K d i W b it d i ti Metatagandpagetitlekeywords Linkstoothersites k h Slide 7-119 Web Site Functionality b i i li Mainfactorsineffectivenessofinterface Utility restofuse TopfactorsincredibilityofWebsites Top factors in credibility of Web sites Designlook Informationdesign/structure g / InformationfocusOrganizationisimportantforfirst timeusers,but Organization is important for first? time users but declinesinimportance Information content becomes major factor attracting Informationcontentbecomesmajorfactorattracting furthervisits Slide 7-120 Factors in Credibility of Web Sites Figure7. 11 Slide 7-121 Table7. 9 Slide 7-122 Chapter 8 respectable, Social, and Political Issues in E-commerce E commerce Chapter 8 Ethics, Law, E-commerce Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-123 Ethical, Social, Political Issues in E-commerceInternet, kindredothertechnologies,can Internet like other technologies can Enablenewcrimes Affectenvironment Threatensocial value Costsandbenefits essentialbecarefully considered,especiallywhenthereareno id d i ll h h g g clear? cutlegalorculturalguidelines Slide 8-124 Model for Organizing Issues IssuesraisedbyInternetande? commercecanbeviewedatindividual, social,andpoliticallevels social and political levels Fourmajorcategoriesofissues Four major categories of issues Informationrights propertyrights Property rights Governance Public rubber eraserandwelfare Slide 8-125Moral Dimensions of Internet Society M l Di i f I S i Figure8. 1 Slide 8-126 Basic Ethical Concepts i hi l Ethics Studyofprinciplesusedtodeterminerightandwrongcoursesof action Responsibility p y Accountability Liability Lawspermittingindividualstorecoverdamages Dueprocess Lawsareknown,understood Laws are known understood Abilityto spelltohigherauthoritiestoensurelawsappliedcorrectly Slide 8-127 Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas l i hi l il Processforanalyzing respectabledilemmas 1. 2. 3. 3 4. 5. observeandclearlydescribethefacts Definetheconflic tordilemmaandidentifythe y higher? rdervaluesinvolved Identifythestakeholders Identify the stakeholders Identifytheoptionsthatyoucanreasonably take t k Identifythepotentialconsequencesofyour options Slide 8-128 Candidate Ethical Principles GoldenRule Universalism SlipperySlope CollectiveUtilitarianPrinciple Risk wickedness Ri k A i NoFreeLunch TheNewYorkTimesTest TheSocialContractRule Slide 8-129 Privacy &038 Information Rights Privacy Moralrightofindividualstobeleftalone,free fromsurveillanceorinterferencefromother individualsororganizations Information loneliness p y Subsetofprivacy IncludesTheclaimthatcertaininformationshouldnotbe collectedatall Theclaimofindividualstocontroltheuseofwhatever h l i f i di id l l h f h informationiscollectedaboutthem Slide 8-130 Privacy &038 Information Rights (cont. ) Majorethicalissuerelatedtoe? commerce andprivacy d i Underwhatconditionsshouldwe residethe privacyofothers? Majorsocialissue j Developmentofexpectationsofprivacyand privacynorms priv acy norms Majorpoliticalissue Developmentofstatutesthatgovernrelations D l t f t t t th t l ti betweenrecordkeepersandindividuals Slide 8-131 Information Collected at E-commerce SitesDatacollectedincludes Personallyidentifiableinformation(PII) anonymousinformation nameless information Typesofdatacollected yp Name,address,phone,e? mail,socialsecurity Bankandcreditaccounts,gender,age,occupation, B k d di d i education Preferencedata,transactiondata,clickstreamdata, browsertype Slide 8-132 Social Networks &038 Privacy Socialnetworks Encouragesharingpersonaldetails Poseuniquechallengetomaintaining privacy Facebook s beacon fireprogram Facebooks Beacon program Facebook sTermsofServicechange Facebooks Terms of Service change Slide 8-133 pen &038 Behavioral Targeting ProfilingCreationofdigitalimagesthatcharacterizeonlineindividualand groupbehavior Anonymousprofiles A fil Personalprofiles Personal profiles Advertisingnetworks TrackconsumerandbrowsingbehavioronWeb T k db i b h i W b Dynam icallyadjustwhatuserseesonscreen Buildandrefreshprofilesofconsumers Googles AdWords program Slide 8-134 Profiling &038 Behavioral Targeting (contd) Deeppacket review article Business view Webprofilingservesconsumersandbusinesses Increaseseffectivenessofadvertising,subsidizingfree content Enablessensingof filmfornewproductsandservices CriticsperspectiveUnderminesexpectationofanonymityandprivacy Consumers exposesignificantoppositiontoun correct collectionofpersonalinformation Enablesweblining Slide 8-135 Internet &038 Government Invasions of Privacy Variouslawsstrengthenabilityoflawenforcement agenciestomonitorInternetuserswithout i i I ih knowledgeandsometimeswithoutjudicialoversight CALEA,PATRIOTAct,Cyber hold dearive coverEnhancementAct, HomelandSecurityAct Governmentagenciesarelargestusersofprivate sectorcommercialdatabrokers sector commercial data brokers RetentionbyISPsofuserdataaconcern Slide 8-136Legal apologys InU. S. ,privacyrightsexplicitly given(p)or derivedfrom Constit ution Constitution FirstAmendment freedomofspeechandassociation FourthAmendment unreasonablesearchandseizure F th A d t bl h d i FourteenthAmendment receivableprocess Specificstatutesandregulations(federaland Specific statutes and regulations (federal and state) Commonlaw Slide 8-137 cognizant Consent U. S. firmscangatherandredistribute transactioninformationwithoutindividuals i i f i ih i di id l informed hope IllegalinEurope Informedconsent choose? in Opt out Opt? out ManyU. S. ? commercefirmsmerelypublishinformation p practicesaspartofprivacy form _or_ system of governmentwithoutprovidingfor p p yp y p g anyformofinformedconsent Slide 8-138 FTCs bazar Information Practices Principles FederalTrade perpetration Federal Trade Commission Conductsresearchandrecommends lawmakingtoCongress honorableInformationPracticePrinciples(1998) Fair Information Practice Principles (1998) Notice/Awareness(Core) excerption/Consent(Core) Choice/Consent (Core) Access/ liaison Security Enforcemen t Guidelines,notlaws Guidelines not laws Slide 8-139 FTCs Fair Information Practice PrinciplesNotice/Awareness i / Sites essentialdiscloseinformationpracticesbeforecollectingdata. Includes Sit t di l i f ti ti b f ll ti d t I l d identificationofcollector,usesofdata,otherrecipientsofdata, recordof collection(active/inactive),voluntaryorrequired,consequencesofrefusal,and stepstakentoprotectconfidentiality,integrity,andqualityofthedata Choice/Consent Theremustbeachoiceregimeinplaceallowingconsumerstochoosehow theirinformationwillbeusedforsecondarypurposesotherthansupporting thetransaction,including cozyuseandtransfertothirdparties.Opt? in/Opt? outmustbeavailable. Consumersshouldbeabletoreviewandcontesttheaccuracyand completenessofdatacollectedabouttheminatimely,inexpensiveprocess. Access/Participation ccess/ a c pa o Security y Enforcement Datacollectorsmusttakereasonablestepstoassurethatconsumer informationis absoluteandsecurefromunauthorizeduse. Theremustbeinplaceamechanismtoenforce FIP principles. Thiscaninvolveself? regulation,legislationgivingconsumerslegal remediesforviolations,orfederalstatutesandregulation. di f i l ti f d l t t t d l ti Slide 8-140FTC Recommendations Online Profiling Principle p Notice Recommendation Completetransparencytouserbyproviding apocalypseandchoiceoptions onthehostWebsite. RobustnoticeforPII(time/placeofcollection beforecollectionbegins). Clearandconspicuousnoticefornon PII. beforecollectionbegins). Clearandconspicuousnoticefornon? PII. Opt? inforPII,opt? outfornon? PII. Noconversionofnon? PIItoPIIwithout consent. Opt? outfromanyorallnetworkadvertisersfromasinglepage consent Opt out from any or all network advertisers from a single page providedbythehostWebsite.Reasonableprovisionstoallowinspectionandcorrection. Reasonableeffortstosecureinformationfromloss,misuse,orimproper access. throughbyindependentthirdparties,suchas sealprogramsand news report Done by independent third parties such as seal programs and accounting firms. med icaltopics, versedbehaviororsexualorientation,oruseSocialSecurity medical topics sexual behavior or sexual orientation or use Social Security numbersforprofiling. Slide 8-141 Choice Access Security EnforcementRestrictedCollection Advertisingnetworkswillnotcollectinformationaboutsensitivefinancialor European Data nourishion guiding PrivacyprotectionmuchstrongerinEuropethanU. S. Europeanapproach Comprehensiveandregulatoryinnature p g y EuropeanCommissionsDirectiveonData shelter (1998) (1998) StandardizesandbroadensprivacyprotectioninEuropeanUnion countries DepartmentofCommercesafeharborprogram ForU. S. firmsthat tendertocomplywithDirective Slide 8-142 Private Industry Self-RegulationSafeharborprograms Privatepolicymechanismtomeetobjectivesof Pi t li h i t t bj ti f establishmentregulationswithoutgovernmentinvolvement e. g. Privacysealprograms e g Privacy seal programs Industryassociationsinclude OnlinePrivacyAlliance(OPA) NetworkAdvertising endeavor(NAI) CLEARAdNoticeTechnicalSpecif ications Privacyadvocacygroups emergentprivacyprotectionbusiness Slide 8-143 Insight on Business Chief Privacy Officers hi f i ffi Class Discussion Slide 8-144 Technological Solutions Spyware,pop? pblockers Cookiemanagers k Anonymousremailers,surfing Anonymous remailers surfing PlatformforPrivacyPreferences(P3P) Comprehensive expertprivacyprotectionstandard Worksthroughuser sWebbrowser Works through users Web browser CommunicatesaWebsitesprivacypolicy Comparessitepolicytouserspreferencesortootherstandards suchasFTCsFIPguidelinesorEUsDataProtectionDirective Slide 8-145 How P3P Works k Figure8. 2(A) Slide 8-146 Insight on Technology The Privacy T Th P i Tug of War fW Advertisers Vs. Consumers Class Discussion Slide 8-147 Intellectual Property Rights IntellectualpropertyEncompassesalltangibleandintangibleproductsofhumanmind Majorethicalissue j Howshouldwetreatpropertythatbelongstoothers? Majorsocialissue Major social issue Istherecontinuevalueinprotectingintellectualpropertyinthe Inte rnetage? Majorpoliticalissue HowcanInternetande? commerceberegulatedorgovernedto g g protectintellectualproperty? Slide 8-148 Intellectual Property Protection Threemaintypesofprotection Copyright Patent taglaw Trademark law Goalofintellectualpropertylaw Balancetwocompetinginterests publicand B l t ti i t t bli d privateMaintainingthisbalanceofinterestsisalways M i t i i thi b l fi t t i l challengedbytheinventionofnew technologies Slide 8-149 Copyright Protectsoriginalformsofexpression(butnot ideas)frombeingcopiedbyothersfora ideas) from being copied by others for a periodoftime Lookandfeel secure misdemeanourlawsuits Fairusedoctrine Fair use doctrine DigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct,1998 FirstmajorefforttoadjustcopyrightlawstoInternetage ImplementsWIPOtreatythatmakesitillegaltomake, distribute,orusedevicesthat flurrytechnology? asedprotectionsofcopyrightedmaterials Slide 8-150 Patents Grantowner20? course of studymonopolyonideasbehindan invention Machines Man? madeproducts p Composi tionsof upshot Processingmethods Inventionmustbenew,non? obvious,novel Encouragesinventors g Promotes distributionofnewtechniquesthrough licensing Stiflescompetitionbyraisingbarrierstoentry Slide 8-151 E-commerce Patents 1998StateStreetBank&038Trustv. SignatureFinancial assembly Businessmethodpatents Ledtoexplosioninapplicationfore? commercebusiness L dt l i i li ti f b i methodspatentsMostEuropeanpatentlawsdonotrecognize M tE t tl d t i businessmethodsunlessbasedontechnology Examples AmazonsOne? clickpurchasing DoubleClicksdynamicdeliveryofonlineadvertising Slide 8-152 Trademarks d k Identify,distinguishgoodsandindicatetheir etymon Purpose p Ensureconsumergetswhatispaidfor/expectedtoreceive Protectowneragainstpiracyandmisappropriation Infringement Marketconfusion toughenedfaith Dilution Behaviorthatweakensconnectionbetweentrademark andproduct Slide 8-153 Trademarks &038 Internet CybersquattingAnticybersquattingConsumerProtectionAct(ACPA) Cyberpiracy Typosquatting Metatagging M i Keywording y g Deeplinking Framing Slide 8-154 Governance Primaryquestions WhowillcontrolInternetande? commerce? Whatelementswillbecontrolledandhow? What elements will be controlled and how? Stagesofgovernanceande? commerce g g Government take carePeriod(19701994) Privatization(19951998) Privatization (1995 1998) Self? Regulation(1995present) GovernmentRegulation(1998present) Slide 8-155 Who Governs E-commerce &038 Internet? MixedmodeenvironmentSelf? regulation,throughvarietyofInternetpolicy andtechnicalbodies,co existswithlimited and technical bodies co? exists with limited governmentregulation ICANNDomainNameSystem Internetcouldbeeasilycontrolled, I t t ld b il t ll d monitored,andregulatedfromacentral location Slide 8-156 Taxation E? commerce revenue enhancementillustratescomplexityof governanceandjurisdictionissues governance and jurisdiction issues U. S. salestaxedbystatesandlocalgovernment MOTOretailing E? commercebenefitsfromtaxsubsidy yOctober2007Congressextendstaxmoratoriu mfor anexcesssevenyears an additional seven years Unlikelythatcomprehensive,integratedrational approachtotaxationissuewillbedeterminedfor approach to taxation issue will be determined for sometimetocome Slide 8-157 Net Neutrality Currently,allInternettraffictreated equally allactivitieschargedthesamerate,no ll i i i h d h preferentialassignmentofbandwidth Backboneproviderswouldliketocharge differentiatedpricesandrationbandwidth 2010,U. S. ppealscourtruledthatFCChadno powertoregulateInternetproviders Slide 8-158 Public Safety &038 Welfare Protectionofchildrenandstrong g sentimentsagainstpornography Passinglegislationthatwill snuff itcourt P i l i l ti th t ill i t challengeshasproved touchy Effortstocontrolgamblingandrestrict salesofdrugsandcigarettes sales of drugs and cigarettes Currently broadly speakingregulatedbystatelaw UnlawfulInternet frolicEnforcementAct Slide 8-159 Insight on Society Internet medicate Bazaar Class Discussion Slide 8-160