Myanmar And Its Neighbours History Essay

Myanmar And Its Neighbours History EssayMyanmar is one of the few countries in Asia which has reserved enkindle in what breaks outback(a) its border. This is often reflected in the unsophisticateds remote dealing indemnity. Perception of right(prenominal) terror to her theme field certification and s e trulywhereeignty make Myanmar playact an fencesitter exactly inactive role in external affairs. Historic aloney, though Myanmars immediate neighbours were tortured by strong kings of Myanmar in varied plosive consonant of history, Myanmar to a fault suffered in the hands of the neighbouring kingdoms. Thus, the pot of Myanmar have general worship and indifferent psychosis to fightds outside world. This is about re latterlyr(a)d to subjectism, xenophobia and insular habits. From geographical standpoint in like manner, Myanmar has favourable physical structure and geo-strategic position that has a lot to hide from the outside world. It has been mentioned in the se cond chapter that Myanmar is surrounded by mountains on three sides and by sea on the onward (south), which do not provide easy access to inside Myanmar. Myanmar was also situated in a vulnerable geo-strategic location with India and mainland china between which Myanmar is sandwiched and between contending cold war sphere of influence correspond by Communist China and pro- westward Thailand, Myanmar stood hudd guide. During the heyday of cold war, Southeast Asian region became a hotspot of the planetary causality politics with many countries of the region taking side either with the horse opera axis vertebra headed by United States of America or the eastern bloc under the erstwhile Soviet Union. provided Myanmar tended to look inward in the name of maintaining sovereignty and independent action. This is reflected in the orthogonal insurance form _or_ system of establishment of the province as evolved, first as indemnity of immaterialism and nonalignment under U Nu, a nd second, as insurance insurance policy of closing off under Ne Win, until it adopted policy of opportunistic engagement with the world outside particularly since late 1988. The parliamentary democracy era of 1950s avoided active global engagement in pursuance of non-aligned policy. The system of soldiers rule in March 1962 brought Myanmars nonalignment and neutral ideology into a strong xenophobic and paranoid interior(a)ism, clearly aimed at reducing any strange influence on Myanmars politics, economy and society. moreover international engagement beneficial to militarys perceived ideology and interest was allowed. In repartee to the military regimes monopoly of cater and adverse human right immortalizes, many liberal democratic countries of the west imposed sanctions against Myanmar, and ostracised the estate. In the meantime, global geo-political shifts occurred with the end of cold war in early 1990s avocation the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union. Geo-ec onomics rather than geo-politics gained greater credence in the changed international environment. Economic integration and regionalism ushered in with globalization as the thriving consequence. Internally, the crisis of 1988 necessitate shift in the boorish cozy politics and approaches to external countries. Accordingly, Myanmar made leeway in repartee to changes in domestic and external environment. With western liberal democratic countries st disgusted following policy anti-thetical to the militarys ideology, Myanmar focussed to its immediate neighbours and region. While the western countries lend oneselfd sanction policy, neighbouring Asian governments followed a policy of constructive engagement. In doing so, they have filled much of the international political and economic vacuum in Myanmar, giving the military leading to pursue its self-proclaimed political road-map.This chapter is structured to highlight Myanmars unusual policy, the status of Myanmar in the world com munity, the countrys government-to-government relationship and relative integration with the world community, especially focussing its relationship with its three cardinal neighbours namely China, Thailand and India. It will be conducted in three phases utmost of disinterest and non-alignment under parliamentary democracy, full point of closing offism under Ne Win and the period of engagement aftermath 1988. This chapter fates that Myanmars isolationism in external front is a necessary corollary of its domestic political setting. This chapter proves that Myanmars retreat from world of nations is premised on fear, security, non-interference, national interest, sovereignty and victimisation. Though in its conflicting relations, Myanmar has maintained regular relationship with all countries, in practice Myanmar discourages the relationship between its people and those of other countries, so much so that it is standardized closing the country from the outside world and acts li ke a hermit of Asia. This chapter also deals with how domestic political-economic changes since 1988 have touch on its external affairs policy. This chapter will show that Myanmars contrasted policy and status in the international community was characterised by varying degrees of isolation, in response to its internal political setting and global political scenario. global isolationism became a comfortable state of the isolationist political system under the military leaders to deny the circumspection of the foreign powers as to what happen inside the borders of the country. From the militarys angle, international isolation was in pursuance of a strong, cohesive and developed Myanmar the basis of which was to assure the military continue to stay in power until acceptable time had emerged to vacate seat of power. As the goal suggest, it will be shown in this chapter that Myanmar opens to outside world only it would serve its passing egoistic interests. Myanmars direct neighbou rs are often forced to undergo a difficult balancing act.Myanmar in International ContextOne fact of the pre-colonial Myanmar was that the Burmans were generally indifferent towards foreigners. Historically, Myanmars political and military ties with the outside world had feared the country. The Thais, Manipuris, Chinese or Europeans provided ill-experience of traffic with outsiders. The Myanmese never accepted the British presence in Myanmar they saw the British institutions and practices had undermined the Burman culture. Myanmars ill with the outsider strengthened during the World War Two, when its ties with the British made it a Japanese target. The resulting oppression and close during the World War Two left Myanmar even more apathetic to outsiders. With such fear psychosis, Myanmar became independent in 1948, also with new hopes and vigour. But the period coincided with the onset of cold war, where the world was divided into cardinal rival camps headed by United States on th e one hand, and Soviet Union, on the other, and nigh of the lesser goodish states following them. Two traditionalistic rivals, China, a communist country in the north, and Thailand, a pro-western ally to the east, were allegedly verbalised sympathy for Myanmars anti-government rebels and insurgents in the border areas. Very differently from them, Indian, a non-aligned partner under the lead of prime minister U Nus close friend Jawaharlal Nehru, had been emerging as a distinct force in the world. This situation was well commented by U Nu in 1950. U Nu lamented his country as ..like a tender gourd among the cactus. We cannot move an inch. If we act irresponsiblyand thrust the Union of Burma into the weapons of one bloc, the other bloc will not be contented to look on with folded arms (U Nu, 5 phratry 1950 quoted by Thomson 1957266 ). Back home, ethnic and political disunity erupted into rebellion and the ever increasing economic deterioration greatly disrupted legitimacy of the government and stability of the country. The new external and domestic challenges made materializing Aung Sans world-view difficult.1In response to the challenges, the new countrys leaders adopted neutralism and non-alignment as the rump of the foreign policy of the country. At the same time, as Choudhary (2000423) mentions, Myanmar also accepted the principles of maintaining friendly relations with all countries especially with her neighbours without being engaged too closely with any one of them, and of receiving no economic tutelage with string attached. Commenting on the genesis of Myanmars neutralism in dealing with outside world, Silverstein (1977169) concludes The policy of neutralism was assd on certain realities that imposed themselves on either a civilian (before 1962) or a military (after 1962) Burmese government. Among them were Burmas small memories of World War Two and the suffering and close inflicted upon its people and the land its internal political instabilit y and its ethnic and political disunity. These were superimposed on Myanmars traditional withdrawing and isolationist attitude and influence of own(prenominal)ity of U Nu (Bandyopadhaya 1983152), the first prime minister of independent Myanmar.2These factors, among others, molded Myanmars world-view, that Myanmar would be a neutral and non-aligned country in an effort to maintain friendship with all countries in the world. Myanmar joined United Nations and it became a leading voice and founder-leader of the non-alignment movement, organizing the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia along with like-minded leaders such as Nehru, Nasser, Tito and Sukarno Myanmar also attended the first NAM summit held in 1961as the movements founder member. The foreign policy of Myanmar also sought a delicate balancing role between ground forces and USSR, and between India and China. India served as a model for Myanmars neutralism, non-alignment and democracy, hardly it never allied itself too close ly with India, which could have upset its relations with China (Lintner 1992). Thus, Myanmar became the first non-communist country to recognise the new government of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 (Seekins 198354). When it feared its neutral policy would cease if it had joined the British Commonwealth of Nations, it wisely declined to join the body of former British colonies. Myanmar wanted to sever all ties with the outside world provided if it did not serve its interest, and if it proved against the principle of neutralism and non-alignment.Myanmars neutralism and non-aligned policy was first tested in the Korean Crisis of 1950. Myanmar voiced U Nus call for a halt to northeasterly Koreas aggression against the South Korea. When the United Nations forces crossed the 38th parallel, Myanmar withdrew its nurse on the belief that UN had overstepped its original mandate. In several other international issues such as Russian intervention in Hungary in 1956, Egypt crisis in 195 6, Cuban crisis in 1961 etc. Myanmar did not followed big power line. Myanmar became a member of the Colombo Plan, but it refused to join SEATO founded in September 1954. Amidst hesitations, Myanmar received attention from both the US and USSR throughout the cold war period. The USSR offered specific gifts of a hospital, hotel and technological institutions, while US funds off and on after 1951 for bucolic and land reclamation projects. The government of U Nu tried to befriend with both India and China through his personal link with their discoverive leaders namely Nehru and Chou-en-Lai. In other words, throughout the parliamentary democracy period, Myanmar gained respect internationally by managing to live alongside large and powerful neighbours without compromising its independent foreign policy (Lintner 1992). It, thus, became one of the most respected leading governments in the region and its neutralism was much appreciated by western chanceries. The is proved by the fact tha t Myanmars U Thant was appointed, first, as the acting Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1961, and, later, twice elected to the position. U Thant led the world body for the next ten years.When the military rule took over power in March 19623neutralism of the era of parliamentary democracy became isolationism and non-involvement or negative neutralism (Maung Maung Gyi 1981). Ne Wins radical Council followed an ideology called the Burmese Way to Socialism, mixed with a strong xenophobia and nationalistic policy, and corollary to it, Myanmar withdrew from international community, shunning most of the diplomatic ties established during U Nus period. Ne Win heading the new military regime exhibited deep-rooted antagonism towards the west and its support for Kuomintang (KMT) troops in Myanmar, dis banked India, and feared Chinese communist influence in the country (Turku 2009124). Contact with the outside world was kept to an absolute minimum. The military denied joining the As sociation of Southeast Asian Nations when it was formed in 1967 and even stunningly left the NAM in 1979, considering these organizations not neutral.Soon after sexual climax to power, the Revolutionary Council enacted several laws clearly aimed at reducing any foreign influences over Myanmars economy and society. The government announced that it preferred only government to government advocate of bilateral and multi-lateral programmes (Holmes 1967189), and discontinued acceptance of aid from the American philanthropic organizations, the Ford and Asia Foundations, and also the Fulbright British Council programmes, as the military considered it belittling to accept aid from private organizations (Silverstein 1964167). Freedom of press was denied and the government also acted forcefully to curb propaganda and information activities of all foreign diplomatic missions (Holmes 1967189), thus denied people to deal directly with the outside world. Foreign diplomats and party appointeds (BSPP officials) were also subject to very strict set of rules (Turku 2009192). If the party official sought to speak to a foreign national or issue/accept an invitation from a foreigner they had to seek specific permission from the party, and upon return they had to hold in specific details on the conversations they had with foreigners (ibid.) The nationalisation programmes launched in February 1963 by the military government directly alter the Indians, Chinese, Anglo-Myanmese and Western agricultural, craftiness and banking communities, most of them were force to flee the country. The effort was indigenization of the economy by placing the private foreign owned take downprises in the hands of the people of Myanmar. Cynics argued that Myanmars new foreign policy basically meant no foreign policy at all apart from the concept of assort survival its embassies and consulates abroad did very minuscular to improve relations with the host countries (Lintner 1992). Officially, the d ictum friendship with all the countries of the world relieve remained a cornerstone of Myanmars foreign policy, but in practice, the country did not take any positive interest in furthering friendly relations with other nations, except few (Singh 1977181). As Lintner (1992) argues Myanmar under the military rule invented an intensely new dogma in foreign relations, that is, bilateralism, and preferably only with neighbours. General Ne Win made few official examines to Moscow, Peking and Washington, but few meaningful outcomes could be seen from the visits. For example, Ne Wins visit to USA in September 1966 related to some business affairs, military support for its anti-communist military campaign and to play golf. There were no real diplomatic ties and this diplomatic vacuum was well commented by one-Rangon (Yangon) based foreign envoy in 1988 We had no meaningful contact with any element of the Burmese government. They had a designated group of foreign ministry types who could c ome to our dinners and talk about golf and tennis, the weather and what fruits were in seasonduring my first three months in Burma, my backhand improved immensely, and I even took up the game of golf, which I had supposition was just a waste of time. But I had time to waste (quoted in Lintner 1992, also see Lintner 199060-61). Under the leading of the Ne Win, Myanmars military government sank into deep isolation. At the same time, because it had denied the economic benefits of engaging with other countries, and also since the military leaders lacked knowledge of managing economic affairs, the country gradually encountered economic recession. In response, the BSPP government showed arguing to international development assistance and projected its vast mineral wealth opportunities to the outside world. The government entered into development programmes with the World swan, the IMF, the ADB and UNDP, as well as accepted increased bilateral aids. In 1976, World Bank set up an aid co nsortium, including Britain, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Australia and Canada for consultation and the establishment of a common policy regarding Myanmar (Charney 2009145).The BSPP regime also softened its state-controlled and autarchic economic policy, and by mid 1980s, foreign aids and loans began to enter Myanmar. Although Japan and West Germany were the largest of the foreign aid donors, the Peoples Republic of China also emerged as a major source of loans to the country from 1970 (ibid.). However, the inflow of foreign loans also led to corresponding increase in long-run debt, producing a critical state of indebtedness by the mid 1980s. This together with internal political isolation and economic mismanagement produced socio-economic devastations forcing Myanmar to become one of the least developed countries in 1987. This shocked the proud and highly nationalistic people of Myanmar. It spurred the 1988 avows attracting the greatest international interest into the countrys political and economic situations. The brutal crackdown and suppression of the protest by the military junta was swiftly publicised in the international community and eventually western governments imposed sanctions to Myanmar. Many western governments including Japan, non-governmental organizations and business bodies ended operations in Myanmar. Immediately after the crackdown, US withdrew its ambassador from Myanmar. Sanctions by United States were formally enacted in 1997, which was further tightened after 2007, following the crackdown on the monks protest, until it was lofty recently in 2012.4Some businesses such as Ciz Claiborne, Osh Kosh BGosh and Pepsi (which was a joint venture with a native-born businessman) ended operations in Myanmar due to pressure from American-based activists. Contrary to western governments, most of Myanmars neighbouring countries adopted policy of constructive engagement and as mentioned, in doing so they followed much of the vacuum c reated by international isolation of Myanmar. The country had normalised relationships with two neighbouring powers, China and India (see later), by skilfully exploiting the opportunistic intention of the two countries. Thailand was also captured by the economic prospects which engagement with Myanmar could provide. Following these events, Myanmar made changes to its external relation positions. It gave up its strict non-aligned neutralism5and isolationism and joined the regional GMS-EC (1992), BIMSTEC (1997), ASEAN (1997) and ACMCES (2003). Myanmar joining ASEAN in 1997 had greatly enhanced the credibility of the legitimacy hungry military government, because the ASEAN, citing their doctrine of non-interference in the internal affairs of the member countries rallied to the Myanmar governments defence. All these indicate government of Myanmar willing to integrate with the world community, but as evident, it could be when it could provide more benefit to the country. The military reg ime undoubtedly preferred no foreign attention and involvement in its affairs. For example in 2005, the ruling military government SPDC shifted roof of the country from Yangon to a more reclusive region Naypyitaw where influence of outsiders would be so profound. Similarly, aftermath of cyclone Nargis 2008, Myanmar thought a long before letting in any humanitarian and relief aids to the affected people, and when it was allowed, the aid agencies and countries were often obstructed by the military. Moreover, preference was given to neighbours over the western countries.For the last hexad decades, Myanmar has lived in varying degree of isolationism and opportunistic engagement. During the period of strict isolationism, Myanmar maintained diplomatic relationship with all the countries it discourages relationship between its people and those of other countries, to such an extent that it is like closing the country from the outside world and acts like a hermit of Asia. The military junt a certainly not liked foreign attention and involvement in its internal affairs. Myanmar is interested in foreign aids and loans, external trade and investments, but it did not preferred to abandon its policy of isolation. The pro-democracy uprising of 1988 divided international communitys perception on Myanmar. The western role with regards to Myanmar had long been policy of sanction and isolation, which proved counter-productive. The western countries such as USA, countries of European Union, France, Australia and Asian country-Japan and South Korea, imposed sanctions on Myanmar thus supplemented Myanmars policy of isolation. Myanmar juntas poor human right record and denial of democracy invited western ostracism. Certainly, the sudden international isolation and sanction policy hampered Myanmars economy badly, and this prompted Myanmars attention and open policy towards its immediate neighbours. The immediate neighbours of Myanmar have acted as a balancing act for the military ju nta.Myanmar and ChinaChina is the largest, the most powerful and practically the nearest of Myanmars neighbours. Historically, Myanmar experienced memory of fear, distrust and secure relationship in relation to its northern neighbour. In different periods of history, China posed a terror to the security and sovereignty of the monarchical Myanmar. Many strong Chinese dynasties had intervened in Myanmar kings affairs in different periods of history and caused considerable havoc. Kublai Khan sent armies from Yunnan in late 1980 to subjugate the kingdom of Pagan, effectively rescue to an end the first unified Burman kingdom (Seekins 1997527). The last king of the Pagan dynasty, king Narathitrapate, earned the moniker Tarok Pye Min, meaning the king who ran away from the Chinese (Trager 1966234). Chinese had invaded Myanmar during the Chinese Qing dynasty. It was an important event in the history of Myanmar that when Chinese Qing king launched several mission to subdue the arrogant M yanmar king between 1765 and 1768, Chinese professional person armies was utterly outfought and its viceroy was forced to sue for peace (Tinker 1967338). Professor Yingcong Dai (2004) writes, not only did one after another commander-in-chief of the Qing dynasty fail to conquer Myanmar, but the Qing troops also suffered extremely heavy casualties. When Myanmar was incorporated into British Indian Empire, China adopted a cautious attitude in dealing with Myanmar.Myanmar became an independent country in 1948. Next year, the civil war in China had ended with victory of the communist over the nationalist Chinese. China became a communist country under the leadership of Mao Zedong, which was given official recognition by the Myanmar authority. In fact, Myanmar became the first non-communist country to give recognition to the Peoples Republic of China (PRC).6However, in a world divided by ideological and power competitions, Myanmar adopted a policy of non-alignment and neutrality, whereas China became a staunch proponent of international communism considering all countries beyond the socialist camps as imperialist or controlled by imperialist or anti-revolutionary forces. As a result, Myanmese neutralism and non-alignment policy could not win the trust of the Chinese authority. China believed, whether in economic, military or political dimension Myanmars nature has not been changed it is still a typical country even after its independency (Hongwei 201215). Hongwei (200718) cites Chinese authorities comment on Myanmars neutralism and non-alignment as followsOn one side, Burma is bordering China, and hence do not dare to side with the imperialists the West and make China an enemy. At the same time, when Burma is having controversies with the imperialists, they want the support of China and the Soviet Union. () On the other hand, the ruling discriminate in Burma () is to a relatively large degree depending on the imperialists.On occasion, the Chinese government express ed its dislike for the Myanmese leaderships alleged readiness to let the western powers (Great Britain and United States) influence over Myanmars economy and politics. For instance, on September 3, 1952, when Chou-en-Lai visited Moscow and talk with Stalin, he stated that the Myanmese government conceal its real position on China, but it actually pursued the policy of anti-China following the UK and US lead (Hongwei 201215). In other words, during the period 1948-1962, China was not at all excited by the idea of Myanmar being an independent country as the Chinese still considered Myanmar to be under foreign influence. Conversely, Myanmars threat perception to its national security from China did not vanished even after independence. The Chinese factor, in turn, influenced Myanmar in adopting a policy of non-alignment and neutrality in a world divided by power politics and cold war. As Thomson (1957336) writes, fear of antagonizing China has also been at least partially responsible f or Burmas policy of neutralism.The first factor revulsion in the Myanmar-China relations in the initial years of the independence was the unauthorised occupation by the remnants of the Chinese Nationalist or Kuomintang (KMT) in Myanmars northern border. When Mao Zedong had established a communist regime in China in 1949, armed forces loyal to Chaing-Kai-Sheik, the KMT leaders, by crossing over Yunnan province established base in the eastern part of the Shan state. It is alleged that the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supplied money and arms to the illegal KMT forces, and encouraged them to raid into communist China from Myanmars border soil (Choudhary 2000424, Seekins 1997527). The Myanmese authority feared that China would use this as a pretext to invade Myanmar, and occupy the unsettled border areas under the guise of the emptying of the KMT troops (Hongwei 201214). Myanmar also feared that China would misunderstood that it was intentionally proving shelter to t he KMT remnants and supporting Taiwan and the US anti-communist policy toward China (ibid.). Myanmars fear and distrust for China continued and as a result, Myanmar was very cautious in dealing with China. The two countries established formal diplomatic ties early in 1950s. While Myanmar attempted to advisedly avoid antagonizing China, China, in response, adopted a dual strategy. On the one side, China pursued a policy of establishing good diplomatic relationship with the government of the Union of Myanmar by establishing diplomatic ties and exchanging official visits, on the other side, it sympathized Communist rebel in Myanmar. It can be mentioned here that immediately after independence Myanmar faced severe threat to its national security from the communist rebels and ethnic insurgents. During this turbulent years of internal revolts, China extended covert sympathy in cause of the revolting communist rebels in Myanmar by endorsing party-to-party relations between the Chinese Com munist Party (CCP) and the White Flag Communist Party (BCP) of Myanmar led by Than Tun. The Chinese authority rendered psychological support and strategic advices to the BCP which was not liked by the Myanmese authority. So, the BCP with the support of the Chinese posed a serious threat to Myanmars national security.7This factor greatly held back the proceeds of a close and warmth government-to-government relations between Myanmar and China. Nevertheless, the bilateral relationship achieved significant milestone in 1954 when the Chinese Premier Chou-en-Lai visited Rangon in 1954, and with his Myanmese counterpart U NU issued a joint statement declaring the Five Principles of peaceable Co-existence which henceforth acted as the basis for the Myanmar-China relationship.8The government-to-government ties were further strengthened when U NU paid back a visit to China latter in the year 1954. Not to attract communist Chinas wrath over the KMT issue, the old year, the Myanmese authorit y had sought attention and support of the United States and United Nations. In 1953, Myanmar asked the United States to cancel its aid programme to the KMT remnants, and took the question of illegal Chinese nationalist forces inside Myanmar to the United Nations (Choudhary 2000242).9However, despite the efforts of the world body, only a partial repatriation of the Chinese nationalist troops to Taiwan was affected, and the remaining KMT soldiers settled down in the Shan state and became involved with the Myanmese ethnic and political dissents and active in the illegal opium trade (ibid.) until the forces had been uprooted in late 1980s. The more significant development between Myanmar-China relations came when the two governments had managed to reach agreement on the historic issue of border settlement in 1960. The Sino-Myanmar border conformity was signed in 1960 defining the international boundary between the two countries. The same year the two countries also signed a treaty of fr iendship and mutual non-aggression which reinforced the treaty of 1954.10According to the treaty, the two parties would not invade each other and refrain from any military alliance directed against the other party. In 1961, Chinas People Liberation armament (PLA) and army of Myanmar launched joint operations against the KMT forces operating between their borders.The period before the military led By Ne Win had establish political control in Myanmar in 1962, Sino-Myanmar relation was nervously friendly. Myanmar, during this period, was very cautious not to offend PRC and courted its friendship because, unlike India, China posed potential threat to interfere in Myanmese internal affairs due to presence of KMT forces inside Myanmars northern border and also it adopted policy of export of revolution. Myanmar adopted and pursued policy of non-alignment and neutrality, and showed friendly gestures, which were largely grounded on maintaining its national security and freedom of action. Th e country maintained policy of neutrality during the Sino-Tibet affairs of 1950 and refused to brand China an assaulter in Korean Crisis of 1951 in United Nations meetings. But, the Chinese dual-track policy toward Myanmar continued. In 1957, U Nu spoke in Myanmars parliament that new Chinas relationship with the insurrectional BCP are not clear, but expressed some brotherly case (cited in Hongwei 201212). To China, Myanmars non-alignment and neutralism was not genuine, but fickle and unpredictable. Thus, though there was mutual suspicion and mistrust, the period 1949-1962 was a period of ambivalent peaceful co-existence in the bilateral relatio

The Dependency Of Technology

The Dependency Of TechnologyThrough unwrap history, human universe aim been developing unlike types of technologies that each(prenominal)ow him to simplify and enhance his spiritstyle, since quaint times humans were developing saucily technologies to help them in activities to work give away a sm alto conkherer amount of time and more than do it more easily. Over the centuries, these rudimentary technologies were improved, and refreshing unriv completelyeds shit emerged in nearly cases replaced preferably technologies and others who came to meet new needs. These new technologies introduced at the alike(p) time, changes in the socio-cultural practices and then the universe has begun to be characterized mainly by presenting a rapid increment of technologies that en adequate the ease of chat. But the very rapidity of these has also generated a signifi cleart impact on conjunction this can be ascertained in the mop upspring passel who excessively mapping specific technologies untold(prenominal) as cell r entirelyys and the net income, to the point that we be talking astir(predicate) a possible dependence of these new machines. The engine room sector give outs in unvaried motion. Each year we bear down more and better products and services that press forward our insouciant and professional life and no doubt, in the coming decades we pass on get hold newer developments in this ara. Most people who live in this world make use of new technologies, just we must guide a little that these new technologies not however have a dogmatic side, save also a negative side. Most people only see the positive side of this and the fact that they can count on technologies much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as genial network and spry ph unrivaleds that contain either issue that a soul needs to communicate this has made us dependent of these new technologies. It sounds terribly dramatic, but the truth is that if we do not use one of these media for one day, we would not be satisfied. Maybe we should ask ourselves this question be we dependent on new technologies?There are umpteen avails that technical advances have brought, but we must think that we have to pay as users of this new applied science. Technological dependence is clearly seen when we look around and run across that we are surrounded by technological advances ranging from wandering(a) phones, computers, ipod, and television that have become part of our common lives ca development in us a certain dependence. Technological development has grown at right smart stronghold and the consequences on society, countries and individuals are enormous. Technological development has a unique production line we cannot alter, nor stop It defines our lives. In the present, technological change is determined by a few large multinational corporations that in turn influence the doings of consumers by advertising, so the consumer is directed to where the y want. For specimen, for the people that must be incessantly checking their e-mail cell phones were invented, which al telly have mobile internet so that they can connect at whatsoever time and anywhere. Another example of how consumerism is relate to new technologies is the company Apple who release every geezerhood a new iphone and consumers often are content to upgrade for regular the smallest improvementsa phenomenon that many people attribute to Apples advertising acumen. (Rachael Duane) It is important to emphasize that the same consumerism perceived by the people today in everyday life it is the same that induces to the purchase of new and improved artifacts focused more than anything else as a whim and not as a necessity. The gap surrounded by consumption and need becomes increasingly c recidivate and more difficult to discern.At archetypical glance, one might have the tendency to dismiss such aberrant cell phone use as merely youthful nonsense a passing fad. But a n emerging body of belles-lettres has given increasing credence to cell phone addiction and equal behavioral addictions. (Roberts and Pirog). Technology is a means that on one spoil the farm brings us many advantages, but in the other hand, we have to entrap that the use of artifacts such as the Internet and mobile phones are become of excessive use in young people, for Roberts and Pirog it is definite that all these artifacts are becoming a way of life for each one of them, and they hypothecate that the same young people are at a storey where they give become addicts to this devices if they do not know how to control themselves. They beseech further that technology isolates people because it is now very common to see how many hours are devoted young to be on the network, because kindness is requestd in a technological world, thats where people are beginning to talk about the term technophile which is becoming more common every day. In addition several people are starti ng to consider technology dependency as any unhealthy dependency such as alcoholism or drug addiction. Jane Demerica thinks the opposite to what is set out in the article of Roberts and Pirog she expresss, that these new technologies are extremely beneficial for all and that it is difficult to speak of dependence in these technologies. novel technologies in communication are optimal for better knowing people and expand the social circle. Meeting new friends- Shy kids can make new friends on the internet. (Jane Demerica) She also claims to have solved the problems of introversion and even ensures that parents feel tranquillize that their children are talking to friends who already know and are under inspection to help lower the risk. Another point where she is in favor is the mobile phones because she mentions, Cell phones make it easier for parents to keep track of their children. (Jane Demerica)It can be seen that the technologies have a great potential to enhance and change th e education system, which can break the prevailing cultural patterns so that technology does not bring so many prejudices and steers away from becoming a dependency. When give lessonss in different parts of the state, country or world connect, students can meet their counterparts by dint of television set conferencing without leaving the classroom. (William McCoy). According to him, there is no abuse of technology rather this is the current key of teaching so children and youth should be therefore more exposed to the media. As a source of tuition the Internet provides immediate access to al near all intimacy peaceful by mankind in the history of civilization. In times where knowledge is power, access to the Internet puts a person in complete advantage over those who do not. With the internet a person can read the latest news on different topics, obtain cultivation on employment opportunities, find out the latest fashion trends, and learn from the written responses of million s of people in specialized forums and blogs. The downside is that many people infringe copyright because they are tempted by so much information and end up copying and pasting text and then present them as their own. This promotes laziness and dishonesty. Also, many people take advantage of the vast amount of personal information available on the Internet to blackmail or steal identities. Deferring to the thoughts of Demerica and McCoy. Psychologist Patricia Greenfield indicates that technology is causing the loss of critical thinking in students. She states that because of the incredible go that technologies have on societies can begin to talk about the belief of dependence on technology, estimates that there are already hundreds incidents of Internet dependency. Although she is not totally disagree with the new technologies, she indicates to use both As students go past more time with visual media and less time with print, evaluation methods that involve visual media will giv e a better picture of what they very know. (Greenfield ). Addiction is increasing, it is giving following alteration in social and somatogenic habits of young people and identifies these as other addictions, producing anxiety about being in touch with a computer and the need to be using it every minute, so that has made a huge gap amidst use and abuse. Another person who is in favor with the views of Roberts and Pirog with regard to the mobile phones is Josip Ivanovic who says Teens natural tendency to follow trends may result in an delirious attachment to a cell phone (in its latest model) that is out of ordered series with its actual value. (Ivanovic) It can be said that many people, especially young people tend to use this device in a manner disproportionate, making it an addiction. Most people employ the cell, nowadays users cannot leave it off for minutes, and if so they tend to turn it on after a get around time to check for text messages or voice mails. People who are dependent of cell phones need to feel their devices in their hands, otherwise they will not feel good and this will generate anxiety, stress or despair. This new addiction attack to hundreds of people, and the worst thing of all is that they do not realize that they are addicted because they see it as fewthing normal. The overuse of cell phones has become a social problem for tens of thousands of Americans not much different than other harmful addictions. (qtd in Chris Knippers) In addition, cell phone addiction can cause serious damage to the home purlieu because it causes alienation when a member moves away to make a gossip or send a text message this generates a withdrawal of the family milieu.We live in times where the use of technology is applied in every aspect of the society, which explains the technological dependence in which we live. Nowadays society applies new technology almost anywhere such as scientifically, socially and financially, But as a foundation for an im portant enconomic pillar in our country, I suspect were pushing the envelope of sane thinking. There is no such thing as an unhackable computer system. There is no such thing as a 24/7/365 computer system. (John M. Grohol). For example, if we go to the bank and the system goes down we cannot do anything because all the information about the clients is stored online If a person wants to be served in any unit of regimen health, he has to make an appointment, but if it is rush hour in which all users want to make an appointment, the system will flood, and they wont be able to handle the appointment. Other problem could be if a system fails Because hospital systems are so complex, and require the careful integration of disparate, specialized software system and hardware systems, single component downtime can greatly interrupt workflow. (Campbell, Guappone, Ash) New technologies have entirely changed the way of life of young people. In rough respects very much improved. For example, in order to perform the school work children have to use a computer to do some research. In the last few years there has been a considerable advance in the technology, each time improving more what we already have, which is beneficial to our fiber of life. The problem is that goes awry and renders addiction among children and adolescents, and presently technology can be considered as a drug.At first, results from the ease of communications appear valuable because it helps people to communicate with others who are far away, but if this trend persists, people who use this technology often will isolate. small adults who use Facebook more frequently show more signs of psychological disorders, including antisocial behavior, mania and aggressiveness. (Larry Rosen). An example of this is Facebook where more and more people spends hours attached to this realistic community, and thus ignore their interpersonal relationships in the real world. For young people, I believe that new technol ogies have become a property of first need that gives them independence with respect to the outside world. Some of the things that stand out are the media such as television, social networks, the consoles such as the video games, mobile phones, the Internet, and photos and videos from digital cameras. This has caused a radical change in the acculturation and how they relate. The presence and contact now have become a thing of the past. Friendships are now not visible by the use of technologies. For example, with the use of Facebook many people can meet new friends. The advantages that young people see in the new technologies are many and varied. For example, in social networks allows them to have a continuous communication. They can choose a person to talk or keep hidden until they feel confident most of the time they use it at home where they feel safe and uninhibited, which causes parents to lose and control of their children. These technologies also have an impact on family rela tions, creating privacy for the children, which is scantily controllable by the parents, because most of the population now has a computer at home with internet access. The computer is a useful scape in everyday life as it helps us to make academician work and non-academic work. Although it is a very important tool in our daily lives today we have also become very dependent on it because we can not do anything if we do not have a computer, this mainly happens because our environment demands the use of this tool each day at work or school, and nobody denies that it is a very useful tool for everyday tasks, but when a person rely on something that is what we fright to think what will happen when this technology is not around us. From a computer with internet connection a person can buy anything, from books to a house. There is no need that could not be met with the Internet and a accredit card with funds. Someone with Internet connection could live his entire live without having to leave his home. This also means that the Internet offers an imperishable variety of business opportunities, from basic Web page creation, sales of traditionalistic products, to even sales of stranger things. The negative side of these are of descriptor spam, phishing, and other forms of fraud through which unscrupulous people look for to get rich quick. Fraud can also come from the buyers side, because many thieves of credit cards use the Internet to make purchases under the name of their victims, alter their bank accounts and ruining their reputation.In conclusion, technology is a phenomenon that surrounds us all with artifacts and technical devices on a daily basis, is an element that is maintained for the distance of time and we remain equally or more wrapped up in a technological world that teaches us a new way of learning, and adaptation. Technological dependence is part of our lives because nowadays no one is free of this phenomenon on the global level. An example of t his are the universities which indirectly involve students in this system, the same applies to jobs or simply with the Chat, which is limiting personal relations, permutation them with virtual communication. All this becomes dependence when individuals cannot perform their daily activities without the use of some device, or better said function in society without occupying any technological tool. Historically, technology has been used to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and housing. But also for other negative purposes such as, create weapons to persuade and dominate people. Technological activity affects the social and economic progress, but also produced the deterioration of our environment. Technologies can be used to protect the environment and prevent the growing needs cause depletion or degradation of visible and energy resources of our planet. Avoiding these negative aspects is the task not only of governments, but of all the people living on the planet. Although te chnology has a number of disadvantages, I think the advantages of these are more favorable to mankind. In fact, one could say that without sustainable development of the technology, the humans would not be more than an run-of-the-mill living being on this planet. The inventions of man are indicators of the cognitive evolution of the same, and in their eagerness to learn, can overcome evolutionary barriers such as adaptability to certain climates, and defense against diseases. Unfortunately, it is man who decides how to use it. Certain types of men see technology as weapons for war, others as tools that help us improve the quality of life of the species.

Studying Industrial Engineering and Management | Reflection

Studying industrial Engineering and worry ReflectionDuring the past tetrad yrs, I analyze industrial engineering with specialization in electronics at Ostend. The emphasis of my studies was taste the fundamental electronic principles that govern modern day electronics. But I besides wise to(p) most early(a) diverse bindingics much(prenominal)(prenominal) as safety, economicalals, and industrial oversight. I tack together the last topic, industrial counsellor, to be rattling disporting and exciting, beca inventout mavin of my c ber aspirations is to participate in the precedential counsel of an industrial company.To further my c atomic number 18er aspiriations of be croakting part of a senior forethought team, I fate to obtain a Masters horizontal surface in Industrial commission. Having this knowledge leave behind allow me to better assure management principles. With all the un veri panelty and changes in with world, political, economic, and technol ogical, I believe that management must energise a solid controling, bread and buttered by a strong power memberian home, of how to guide companies done and through these challenging measure.No genteelness is complete without get under ones skin. Armed with a solid understanding of donnish principles, I can begin my career where I testament add to my experience. Because I exit be well versed in the theory, I volition be satisfactory to adapt and modify the theoretical constructs as mandatory in order to meet my companys needs. I fully recognize that our political, economic, and technological environments are constantly changing, and thus management needs to be able to adapt quickly and accurately to the new conditions if the company is to survive, let only when prosper. I believe obtaining a Masters Degree will bid the necessary stress for me to be to anticipate and react to ever-changing environments.I ware completed my four class Bachelor of Technology phys ique of action at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. I fine-tuned in July 1998 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. Many of my courses and tang activities in the last- manoeuvre course were in the line of business of Industrial Engineering and Operations search with a strong focus on production and operations management. I am typifyly contriveing in Tata Technologies India Ltd., an in causeation engineering cockeyed that is involved in the champaigns of enterprise integration and CAD/CAM. I am applying for memory access and financial aid to the Ph.D. program in Operations Management at the Krannert Graduate give lessons of Management, Purdue University. Detailed information about my academic record and my look and other experience is attached to this statement.I was introduced to maths and the physical sciences while at domesticatetime and it was in high school that I considered a career in this area. The desire to tuition the use physical sciences and mathematics prompted me to usurp the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology. I was ranked in the top 0.25 % of the mountly 1,00,000 students who took the examination.My undergraduate education at IIT Bombay has non only given me a certain set of skills simply has besides availed me understand my field of please and my academic strengths and weaknesses. This understanding has made me realize that though the applied physical sciences appeal to me, my strengths lie in applied mathematics and in abstractions of reality. In particular, I am interested in the managerial aspects of industrial and technological systems. This interest started during my junior year seminar titled Productivity Management in which I explored the relationship between manufacturing strategy and productivity improvement. I move further enquiry in this area through my senior year project titled Decision Support System for Quality simplicity which sought to investigate various decision making mechanisms in the bore function and provide corresponding estimator plunk for. The project as well as enabled me to assess the interaction between manufacturing and the other functions of the firm peculiarly information systems. The knowledge of certain outstanding books during the course of my research such as Skinners Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy, Demings Out of the Crisis and Goldratts The Goal finally convinced me to pursue a Ph.D. in operations management and an academic career thereafter.My past work in the area of industrial engineering and operations research was characterised by a dichotomy of approaches. The courses that I took in this area dealt with various usable and tactical issues. The basic aim was to understand a specific problem, simulate the problem appropriately and find an scoop up or reasonably optimal solution using the techniques of operations research. This has given me a good background in issues related to methodology, modelling, and heuristic solutions. On the other hand, my research has been orient towards strategic issues. The basic thrust of my junior year seminar and senior year project has been integrative. Through my future research efforts I would handle to understand this dichotomy better. Initially, I inadequacy to study rigorous model-based methods and do research on operational and tactical topics. afterwards gaining a thorough innovation in these topics, I am interested in applying the same methodologies and techniques to strategic topics in operations management.I believe that I realize the qualities to be a good researcher and ascertainer. I am a fictive person and often think in a contemplative modality about various issues of practical importance. macrocosm able to identify patterns and relationships that are not obvious to others is perhaps my keenest strength. This will prove precise valuable because an integral part of being a researcher and teacher is to perceive the balance between theory and practice, uninflected rigor and intuition. My communication skills are good and I ilk expressing ideas and concepts both in vocal and written form an ideal platform for the dissemination of knowledge in my chosen field of specialization.The Krannert Graduate School of Management is one of the topper schools of management in the world with a strong orientation towards research. The revolution of research interests in the operations management group is of particular interest to me. The eminent faculty and the individualized nature of the doctoral program will definitely bring out the best in me. I would like to reiterate that I possess the background, the ability and the motivation to make a significant contribution to Operations Management. I hope you will take a favorable decision regarding my admission to the Ph.D. program and I intent forward to joining the Krannert Graduate School of Management and Purdue University.== ============Like about young kids in computer science, my first interest was in computer graphics. I remember my interest in graphics led me to habitus a single player tic-tac-toe game with or so nice graphics and show it off to my friends. However, I soon realized that my Tic-Tac-Toe is actually quite stupid and almost always lost to my friends. I started work on it and made it to a greater extent than intelligent so that it neer loses to anyone, and wins most of the times. I didnt realize that I was working on arranged Intelligence at that time, but thats how my interest in AI started growing. Since then my exposures, associations with clubs, readings, and undergraduate work all demand served to push me into deciding to study, research, teach and discover different aspects of AI, particularly those that connect computer science with robotics, and logic-based supplying under incomplete knowledge. I am now completely interpreted in by the challenge of solving complex problems, and making generalizations and relationships that restore writing programs which will make machines think, analyze and learn. AI excites me also because its becoming a potpourri of all engagings of knowledges. Apart from AI I cast off also authentic a keen interest on Bioinformatics through my undergraduate research work during the last few months. Bioinformatics is an area I didnt know much about. However, since I started my research on sequence analysis, I have got more and more interested on this area, particularly on processes by which a genes information can be converted into the functions of a cell.Life outside classes has been quite exciting for me and I am real enjoying my research work under Dr. Gurpur M. Prabhu. I am currently working on a project on sequence analysis of desoxyribonucleic acid and then predict functions of the resulting protein. The idea we are working on is to use Conways Look and Say while and incorporate more or less of its properties i n the deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. The first obvious difference between the two is that Conways sequence contains primarily three characters (1, 2, 3), whereas there are four characters (A, T, C, G) to deal with in the desoxyribonucleic acid sequence. I first tried to see whether its achievable to generate characters other than those three, for exemplar 0 or 4. I proved that its not practicable for any other character to appear in the successors of the original string, unless it was present in the original string itself. Another raise property of the Conways eon is its 92 audioactive elements, just like elements in the normal periodic table and the concept of raise that can be formed using these elements. I am currently working on a program which tests and verifies the similarity of the properties of these elements with the real world elements. Recently I found that though the compound MgCl cannot exist in the real world (only MgCl2 exists), this compound can be formed us ing Conways elements.I am currently also working on a semester keen-sighted research project for an AI course on evolution artificial intelligence for the game Othello, also cognize as Reversi. I am particularly focusing on the paygrade function and the search techniques. I also discovered that the mobility of the opponent is of import to the strategy. The idea is to make a move that will restrict the possible moves of the opponent. I am using alpha beta search for this problem. I discovered that finding the better move towards the beginning cuts off many a(prenominal) moves and thus makes it faster. Currently I am working on this algorithmic program to order the moves so that the better moves get along first. I also invention to make it learn inductively in the following step.Another project I recently started under Dr. Prabhu is on a concept called negative-language. At times it is easier to define something by saying what its not than what it is. One such ex coarse is ju stice its easier to say what justice isnt than what it is. I am using separative logic programming to work on this problem using DLVk coffee bean Wrapper. Often its easier to decide whether a particular solution is optimal or not, than to find the optimal solution. Our intent is to solve this kind of problems efficaciously.Now I am also closing in on a insofar another watershed decision in my life of studying high and deeper into the area of computer science and worry into research in fields like AI, or Bioinformatics. Under the Ph.D. program I will get enough scope to translate my thinking and ideas to reality by finishing to the real problem. This will build up my self-confidence if I am self-made. Otherwise, if I fail in a particular application I will get scope to find the reasons and modify it in the next step. Actually, Im looking forward to an in-depth and challenging hands-on experience in my Ph.D. career. Being on a Ph.D. program will also provide me the luck to a ttend conferences and symposium on my chosen area and I will be able to listen to the quick-witteds in the area as well as have interactions with them. This will certainly enable me to enrich my knowledge and musical accompaniment myself updated on the recent developments. Moreover, I believe that the Ph.D. program will help me to enhance my nonsymbiotic thinking and analysis of a problem. This will be of much importance to me in the next career step, when I purpose to take up my birth problem and build up own group.I believe, doing my Ph.D. in University of California, Santa Barbara will expose me to a deeper area of my chosen topic and will provide me a much optimized environment to hit the ceiling my knowledge on the subject through associations and interactions with my supervisor and other faculty experts in the department. My reasons of choosing University of California, Santa Barbara are three. First, this university offers a wonderful Ph.D. program in Bioinformatics and bathetic Intelligence two, it has an acclaimed network of closely working labs that engage in loads of sponsored research Bioinformatics and imitative Intelligence. On my own, I am interested in doing something in areas like Active Logic, Metacognitive Computation, Simple Hierarchical Ordered Planning, and Sequence Analysis of DNA and all of these are really much there in University of California, Santa Barbara in some variant or other. And third, most most-valuablely, mien of professors like Dr. Ambuj Singh, Dr. Tobias Hollerer, Dr. Terrence Smith, and Dr. Matthew Turk who have been passionately working in the field of Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence also influenced me a lot. The presence of these factors led to University of California, Santa Barbara being my prefer choice. If I do my Ph.D. from University of California, Santa Barbara, I will have the materialise of interacting with them, and who knows, of eventide working with them on a path breaking idea.= =========When introduced to economics in high school I realized that it interestingly qualified as a subject of both Arts and Science. It was an area defined by precise rules, principles and axioms and yet there was tremendous scope for self-expression in the form of interpretation and analysis. This facet of economics intrigued me very much and I unyielding to pursue further studies in Economics.During my Masters program I furnished myself as best as I could, with various tools employ in economic analysis. I obtained rigorous training in mathematics, econometrics and game theory. After completing the Masters program, I joined subject area Institute of common Finance and Policy, as I was very eager to see how one competency use economics to tackle real life problems, where simplify models, and assuming away of problems whitethorn offer no respite. I did some very interesting work here, which is described in my resume. I want to delve deeper into the subject to be able to carry out independent research and analysis, hence my decision to join the Ph.D. program at UCLA. world-wide Economics is an area I would really like to explore. I am fascinated by game theoretic modeling of issues pertaining to International Economics. I believe that game theoretic models can be effectively used in outside(a) economics as many policy issues such as negotiations over mutual reductions in tariffs, formation and preservation of tradition unions, stoolment of cartels in the case of internationally traded goods, all have some game theoretic character.The current Regionalism versus Multilateralism debate holds its own attraction. It should be interesting to analyze the trade diversion cause of Preferential Trading Agreements and also their impact on multilateral institutions like GATT. The strategic trading that takes place in foreign exchange markets and the variety of auction like mechanisms that have been used for foreign exchange trade, particularly in developing cou ntries, are intriguing.During my graduate studies I aim to equip myself with some advanced tools and develop my analytical and research capabilities. I want to get an excellent involve over econometrics to be able to confront stochastic statistical info with exact models of economic theories and also for empirical verification of other models, which might otherwise be set in a partial counterpoise cloth. I expect to emerge as an economic engineer and an expert in model building.Econometrics per se, also interests me as a subject of economics and I might like to research in econometric methodology. I want to be an academic economist. I have cleared the National Eligibility test get byed by the University Grants Commission of India, which makes me eligible to teach an undergraduate course in economics in any Indian university.I want to study at UCLA, as it emphasizes on the rigor and analytical tools that are necessary for academic research. I have well-developed analytical and m athematical skills and I want to exploit these skills to the greatest extent. I feel the help and guidance that can be provided to me by the distinguished faculty of your university will be priceless. I am sure if I am given the opportunity to study at your university that attracts some of the best students from all over the world, it will provide an environment belligerent enough to bring out the best in me.===============wish to become an accomplished academic researcher in the field of strategic management and I am convinced that the XXXX School of championship is the best context for me to pursue studies at the doctoral level. My professors have all encouraged me to continue my studies ofmanagement and I am positive(p) that I will be successful in this quest. Several of my professors as well as colleagues have suggested thatXXXX might be a great location for me to pursue my doctoral work. My business experience is a adult factor in my qualificationssince I have worked as a a dviser at one of Koreas leading strategy-consulting firms. I am most rejoiced with the way that I have beenable to help my clients organizations perform better. And I have also been engaged in research for several yearsThroughout my Masters program at XXXX University, I difference of opiniond to refine my analytical skills and research capabilities concerningstrategic management, organization, and international business, resting on a solid foundation of statistics and methodology. My most relevantacademic experience in research has been assisting prof XXXX in writing a report on XXXXs core competence. This experience hashelped me to better understand that research is what means most to me in my paid life. Writing my masters dissertation was also a most fundamental learnedness experience preparing me for doctoral study. The thesis investigated factors influencing founder-CEO replacements inventure companies and in Korean entrepreneurial firms. Drawing on three different perspec tives, videlicet the organizational life cycle,founder-CEO characteristics, and founder-CEOs power, I developed a conceptual framework and collected data from DART, theelectronic disclosure system of the Financial supervisory Service (FSS) the Company Data XXXX, and KINDS, the database of the KoreaPress Foundation. This was the first study of this kind to be conducted in Korea, since it dealt with event-history analysis performed usingSTATA. This study is now under second look backward at the Korean Management Review and I am presenting an updated English version at the5th Asia academy of Management (AAoM) this December. I profoundly enjoyed all phases of the research process, especially developinghypothesis, the ingathering of data, and running statistical analyses-as well as drawing conclusions. I am especially enamored with thediscussion of critical issues in management with professors and colleagues. My thesis resulted in a study now under second review at theKorean Manageme nt Review, indisputably the top management journal in Korea, and I am presenting an updated English version at the 5thAsia Academy of Management (AAoM) meeting this December. I am very pleased that my academic research has been appreciated byrenowned researchers in the field.I look forward to learning a great deal more about corporate governance in the Ph.D. program at the XXXX School of Business, especiallytopics related to CEOs and top management teams. Building on my previous research, I want to continue to study the consequences offounder-CEO replacement, and how entrenched CEOs influence a firms performance. I am interested in the management of innovation andtechnology and would like to investigate how different technology acquisition strategies, including networks, lead to innovation and, in turn,to competitive advantage in the high-tech industry. I am also fascinated by the knowledge management strategy of multinationalcorporations, the field of expertise of my thesis adviso r Professor XXXX.The first academic research I engaged in was a project commissioned by the XXXX Bank. As a Senior at XXXX University, Professor XXXX asked me to assist him with his investigation of the reasons behind a recent surge of Korean patents in the US. My provincewas to write a case study on the Korean semiconductor unit industry, which played a central role in increased patents. I wrote a qualitative casein English along with four other graduate students and learned invaluable teamwork skills. This study was published in 2003 as a researchreport What is Behind the Surge in Korean Patenting? by the XXXX Bank. I also assisted Professor XXXX with his study of XXXXscore competence from multiple perspectives. Through collaboration with the XXXX Economic enquiry Institute (XERI), I wasresponsible for conducting literature reviews on various topics including but not limited to core competence, synergy, corporategovernance, diversification, and organizational learning and I prese nted my findings at weekly meetings. The result of this research XXXXWay The Great variation of XXXX since the 1990s was published as a research report in 2004.I am presently working as a research assistant at the Graduate School of Business Administration at XXXX University. I am assistingProfessor XXXX with his research on the knowledge management strategy of multinational corporations, which is a collaborative workwith Professor XXXX of XXXX. This research examines the internationalization process of RD activities of US, European, and Asiancompanies from an evolutionary perspective. My main responsibility is to conduct research on each companys internationalization processaccording to in operation(p) areas and collect quantitative data ready for analysis. During this process, I am learning how to manage a jointresearch project and gaining familiarity with Japanese databases such as XXXX, XXXX, and XXXX.I feel strongly that my studies, coupled with my research experience, have provided me with a diverse set of knowledge and skills thatmake me an excellent vista for doctoral study in this field. My enthusiasm and good cheer, coupled with audio fundamentals inmanagement theory will provide me with the movement force that I will need to be a successful life-long researcher.I am fascinated by the management of innovation and technology. On the one hand, I am interested in how different technology acquisitionstrategies, such as alliances, acquisitions, and networks, lead to innovation and, in turn, to competitive advantage. And I am deeply intriguedby the characteristics and influence of network effects of internet-based industries, especially online game companies and the socialnetwork service (SNS) providers. I also wish to become more in tune with the knowledge management strategy of multinational companiesI have discovered that my academic interests fit especially well with the research interests of outstanding faculty members in the area ofmanagement a nd organization at the XXXX School of Business. I especially assess XXXXs emphasis of the importance of and support forteaching excellence. As someone who very much wants to become a professor, I think that being an effective educator is as important asbeing an important researcher. I am attracted by the fact that XXXXs undergraduate program provides an opportunity for many graduatestudents to gain invaluable teaching experience. I also applaud XXXXs supportive environment for research. At XXXX, I am confident thatI will develop invaluable research and teaching skills while having the fringe benefit to interact with attentive professors and intellectually-giftedcolleagues.I hope to teach at a school of business in the United States, where I plan to struggle to add my name to the long list of distinguishedscholars that have come from your program. I sincerely believe that the Ph.D. program at the XXXX School of Business is the best matchfor my strong motivation. I have no suspect that I have made the right choice to spend tail fin years at XXXX as a Ph.D. student. I have foundthat my academic interests fit well with the research areas of the outstanding faculty and resources of XXXX, including the relate forGlobal Business and the Center for Human Capital, Technology, and Innovation. I value XXXXs support for interdisciplinary learning. Iwould like to use this opportunity to advance my understandings in a variety of specific areas in the field of management, and gain expertiseknowledge in economics which I believe will be of foundational importance for my future study. Finally, and of primary importance, Iadmire XXXXs dynamic support for research. I strongly believe that one of the most important elements in pursuing a successfulacademic career is to have a good mentor who can closely guide you academically, and in person, as well.I am confident that I will develop invaluable research and teaching skills while interacting with attentive professors and inte llectually-giftedcolleagues. After graduation, I will seek an academic career at a leading American business school. I would like to see myself publishing attop journals and winning teaching awards for teaching excellence and, in the long run, I hope to positively add to the reputation of XXXXby adding my name to its long list of prominent scholars. I want to thank you for consideration of this application.============= ever so since I was a child I have been concerned with poverty, not my own poverty, but that of others, especially in Third World ordeveloping countries. This concern led me to develop a profound bewitchment with the study of economics, the inequality betweendeveloped and developing countries, in particular, and a search for creative directions in which to foster economic development on aninternational level. Now, I very much want to push forth with this interest, studying towards a graduate degree in economics. I havechosen to apply to XXXX University for several reasons, especially the renown of the faculty for exploring questions of economicdevelopment in creative ways. I am also especially attracted to the highly international character of this university, along with itscosmopolitan location near the heart of Los Angeles.I have long been interested in international economics and international relations because my life has been always affected by them. While injunior high school, I had a chance to visit North Korea for three months for a music/performing liberal arts exchange. Although I stayed in PyongYang, the capital of North Korea, I witnessed great poverty-many local anesthetic people wearing ragged clothes, and very thin malnourishedchildren probing for food in the streets. All information was totally controlled by the political sympathies and people do not have economic andpolitical freedom. I was so shocked by the disparity in North Korea and by the large gap between the living conditions in Japan.During my freshman year in unive rsity in Japan, I participated in a two-week summer school program at XXXX University in Thailand.Although the political and economic structure of Thailand is more open to the rest of the world than North Korea, economy has notdeveloped as other Asian countries such as Japan, China and due south Korea. While visiting a HOYA factory, which is one of the majorfirms for the lenses, I learned that such factories had recently greatly expanded by developed countries through the exploitation of thirdworld countries. It is time for us to reconsider our economic system and renovate the alternative methods of economic development.While in undergraduate, I had a great opportunity to present my research on agitate trafficking at the annual spring symposium. A greatnumber of women in the third world countries are engaged in human trafficking (human trading) and wake industry as their ultimate meansto survive and protect their families. delinquent to the ineffective national economic policy a nd international economic regulations open up on behalf of the developed countries, poverty issue has not been alleviated. As economic discrepancy gets larger among the nations, it aggravates the international tensions and it would finally trigger international conflicts. The more I recognize the severity of problemsconfronted by our global society, the more strongly I believe the way to avoid conflict and improve economic conditions is to act from aprofessional point of viewAfter obtaining a masters degree in Economics, I strongly hope to work in the sphere of economic affairs concerning internationaleconomic development. For such a future career, my working experiences play an important role in understanding professionalism. In2003, I was volunteering for the non-profit organization called People for the Advanced Cambodian Education (PACE) and sinceSeptember 2005, I worked as a computer lab assistant at XXXX University. After graduating from XXXX University, I started to workfor the XXXX Company as a full-time sales associate. The company is one of the imported eastern food and supplies distributors in theUnited States. Through this job, I truly realized that local business significantly affects the international business and such economicinteraction has fundamental influence to the international economy. Moreover, through all my professional experiences, I learned how tocope with problems efficiently with professional manners and how to establish relationships with co-workers as a team. I also acquiredleadership skills that I would be required in a real society. Though career opportunities may place me in a variety of professional positions,my final goal is to work at the United Nations. What I expect to learn from graduate school is to obtain academic foundation required forsuch a career and find a way to apply methods to the real world. This is the incentives that score me to pursue further studying and themotives for my choice of University of XXXX. E conomic Developmental scheduling at XXXX is a very rare MA degree on the westcoast and it suits my needs and professional goals. Since I have interpreted only a few lectures relevant to the quantitative economics, it issignificantly important for me to take mathematical methods in economics as well as economic development in order to apply them to thepractical problems of developing countries. I truly believe that a graduate degree in International Relations from XXXX, combined with myown interests and experiences, will provide ample chances for accomplishing my professional goals

Role of Botanical Garden in Conservation of Environment

Role of botanic Garden in Conservation of EnvironmentWith the conclusion and oer-exploitation of forests, some proves multifariousness and species contract been preserveed and forced to face the extinction. As we know, safe and sound kits atomic number 18 the crucial part of biodiversity in our planet as they erect provide the aesthetic set, cultural and economic benefits to us. For example, workss brush off provide the sources of fodder, medicine, furnish and clothing to most of the organisms in the ground. Besides, gives atomic number 18 similarly the key epitope to notice the balance of milieu and biodiversity and attention our ecosystem to procure the stability. With disclose sics, legion(predicate) cruel animals will place in the danger of extinction condition callable to the breathing out of home grounds. Much more than inseparable disasters will also be occurred if the devastation of forests motions be being continuously much(prenominal) as abscission down the imbeds in the huge quantity from time to time. From these perspectives, we push aside all the way know that congeals atomic number 18 internal to support the biodiversity and help us to achieve the sustainable instruction. However, what is the significance does found diversity select for military personnelity? How much(prenominal) does the loss of build diversity matter in our biodiversity? What resources should we be committing to its preservation? One of the reason why these atomic number 18 such difficult questions the break up lies in the enormous uncertainty associated with the loss of biodiversity. Which party is the most come to in the remainder of our biodiversity such as over-exploitation of forests and directly causing the pollution, globose warming and climatic change? The answer is humans being because they tends to satiate their individual greed and vanity to achieve their materialistically life. Some of them are non aware wit h the significance and importance to protect and conserve our rude(a) sources such as im typesets in personality. This probably is ascribable to the lack characterization of the importance and benefits of plants that hire to our life and helps to support the ecosystem in our world. To protect our plant diversity, human being mustiness be the leader and involved themselves in the preservation action such as building up botanic gardens because botanic gardens can help much in the plant saving. botanic gardens can also increase the awareness and understanding of creations towards the species of plants by rough of the disciplineal activity and look into routines.Significance of plant preservationIn the viands chain, plants are mostly the primary producers to provide the food sources to secondary and 3rd producers. lays are also the backbone of life to support the natural biologic system in the Earth. This is because plants not further can provide the home ground inf rastructure for many ecosystems, notwithstanding also as the sources to prevent corrosion and stabilize the soil systems. However, most of the plant communities throughout the world are under threat and approximate to extinction level. By the investigation and estimate of scientists, there are more than one-third or at least 100 000 species of plants are under the threaten of extinction.What are the main threats that affect the extinction of plants diversity? This susceptibility be due to the destruction of habitat, over- accrual of plant species and the invasive species. When a plant species loss the habitat, the whole ecosystem will be affected by the devastating influences, as other(a) species also hurt their food sources and habitats or shelters. Other than that, this may cause us to loss the natural resources to support our daily life because plants can be graceful as the medicine, building materials and fuels. As a result, it is all Copernican(p) to moderate out the plant saving to support the development of livelihoods based on the sustainable uses of plants and as the promoter to advocate the understanding and sharing of the benefits and functions of plants. Plant conservation can also help to strengthen the measurement in imperative the unsustainable uses of plant resources.In fact, plant conservation can be considered as a section of biological conservation because it focus on the conservation of the whole ecosystems and biodiversity to achieve the sustainable development. Plant conservation can farm the long-run preservation, restoration and management of plant diversity and communities with the associated ecosystems and habitats. For instance, implement the unchanged and ex-situ conservation in which in-situ involved in the more natural and controlled environments whereas ex-situ mostly involved in the country of origin and only be applied when necessary.Furthermore, plant conservation imparts the vital quality to progress the c onservation of native plant habitats in every local community. For instance, plant conservation get involved with the native plant groups such as botanic gardens, zoo, garden clubs and national set. Education institutes and centers can also advocate and encourage the plant conservation program in their curricula to increase the awareness among their students. This is because plant conservation need the cooperation from every people protect the threatened plant diversity and communities.Moreover, plants are crucial to us because it supports the functioning of every ecosystems and provides us with many direct advantages. Hence, it is necessary for us to aware the plants that are threaten to the extinction because plants are sustainably utilized and carry on for our future generations. If we need the long-term plant conservation of our natural resources, the sustainability utilization of plant and the sustainable aliveness are necessary in general. However, in the contemporary da y, we do not properly value the benefits of our natural resources to bring to us. Unfortunately, our activities tend to degrade and have them, even though they are essential for human-kinds survival and public assistance.Additionally, plant conservation is important because extinction may occur anytime if there are the destruction of forests or without any care or preservation from human being. Plant conservation can also refer to the protection of our biodiversity from being imperil because plants can be the foundation of providing the advantages to biodiversity. The loss of plants can affect our piss supply and atmosphere because plants possess the mutualism relationships between each others. Plants not only assemble the huge component of global biodiversity which approximately 320 000 species in the world, but also as the supplier to provide the major nourishing sources to food webs and provide the shelters to animals.As a result, it is crucial to promote the significance an d importance of plant conservation to publics. Due to this, the government, NGO, communication, rehunt and culture centers are very important to increase the understanding, awareness and consciousness of publics. For instance, government can collaborate with the private sector and NGO to maximize the potential action and synergies to support the plant conservation. Oppositely, communication, look into and education centers can cooperate with other related organizations to improve the human resources, financial support and the physical and technical infrastructure as the efforts for the plant conservation.Importance of botanic gardensBotanical gardens are the parks that incorporate a wide alteration of plants that labeled with their botanic name. Different type of botanical gardens contain divers(prenominal) varieties of plants. For example, some of the botanical gardens mainly consist of the plants from some specific parts in the world like tropical plants and some might t ake form of a green house while some of the botanical gardens or parks emphasized on the different varieties of plants such as herbs, cactus and flowering plants. Botanical gardens are mostly run by a management of universities and scientific research organizations to canvass the varieties of different plants with their unique characteristics to bear with their research investigate or project that involve with the plant taxonomy.In other words, botanical garden is one of the ex-situ conservation because it involved the components of biological diversity international their natural habitats. Ex-situ conservation is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a nonsensical realm or inside the care of humans. Therefore, it is undoubtedly that botanical gardens have the function to preserve the endangered plant species and to sustain our environment.Th e main purpose that setting up the botanical gardens is to increase publics knowledge and appreciation of plant based on the significance and conservation of plants through locally and globally and also for the ongoing benefit and delectation of the community. Botanical gardens also can provide visitors with an exceptional range of cultural, recreational, educational and scientific facilities which improve peoples enjoyment and understanding of the plant world. Therefore, botanical gardens is used to demonstrate their relevance characteristics and values to our society.Nowadays, botanical gardens not only as the recreational and cultural purposes, but also possess a mix of all purposes behind their internalisation ranging from economic to research as a response to the interests of horticulture and botany. As the research purposes, botanical gardens can provide the real teaching materials plants which cannot find their whole plant body in the laboratory. This is the good exposure t o students to the morphology and characteristics of the different species of plants. Botanical gardens also can display the plant diversity in form and use in a particular regions. For example, which plants grown within their particular families and which plants grown for their rarity or seed. Botanical gardens also consist of timber trees that are crucial for the research and development of the uses.Other than that, botanical gardens can play the vital role to the climatic change due to their biological functions. Due to this, some related organizations can carry up some education programs because botanical gardens can strive the change of human behavior whereas their horticultural and botanical expertise will be essential in helping ecosystems to adapt to changing conditions. Botanical gardens not only treasured for their aesthetic beauty, but can help to preserve the wellness and well-being of planets because plants can helps to release oxygen into the atmosphere and provide the sources of food and medicines. However, the benefits for society which accrue from their economic potential may act as an incentive to over-exploit plant resources, a situation which could threaten our health, food security, thrift and environment.As a example, the biggest botanical garden in Malaysia has covered an area over 92 hectares. The park is divided into three sections which are enhancive plants, flowering plants and preservation or research purposes. The garden currently has more than 700 species of flowering plants, local plants as well as plants from the Asia-Pacific and Africa regions. This botanical garden has also set up a research center with its multi-purpose codion to promote and investigate the plant conservation and sustainable use of biological plant diversity. This research center also helps to advocate the world of plants for human benefits as well as fir its own intrinsic worth.As a summary, botanical garden is a place or garden for the culture of plants c ollected for the scientific and educational purposes. It contains a wide variety of plants including a herbarium, the greenhouses and the research laboratory. Botanical gardens also perform the diversified functions such as the experimentation in plant breeding and hybridization and also the collection and cultivation of plants from all parts of the world. Besides, botanical gardens also essential to helps our biodiversity to achieve the sustainable development.Roles and relationships of botanical gardens in plant conservation intimately of people do not aware with the roles of botanical gardens that can bring to the plant conservation. Normally, they just think that a botanical gardens often has the spirited recreational value, but neglected the research purposes within it. Conventionally, botanical gardens have worked in a broad range of concerns which including the reforestation, plant exploration, the establishment of nature preserves, agricultural research, publishing, and ori ginal research in botany. However, the plant conservation and education are the main concern of the function of botanical gardens in at present society. Botanical gardens should play the important role in the exploration and search for promising plants, in the recognition and conservation of species in danger of extinction, and in the establishment of reserves and protected areas.Botanical gardens can provide many benefits to sustain our environment and have the most relationships with the plant conservation. There are several steps for research center of botanical gardens to implement the plant conservation. Firstly, botanical gardens can provide the new plants of economic importance to society, including ornamentals, medicinal, trees for reforestation, plants for industry, increases, and interchange crops. Next, some plants are collected for the study of adaptability, growth, and also the economic and transmittable characteristics. After that, the workers of botanical gardens will disseminate the cultural and scientific information about plants to the general public in order to increase the awareness and consciousness of public towards the plant conservation. Finally, researchers in botanical gardens will collect and maintain the endangered and rare plants in the ecosystem and investigate the methods of plant conservation in a natural habitats.How to secernate botanical gardens are closely related the plant conservation to sustain our biodiversity and ecosystem? Actually, botanical gardens can help to maintain the genetic diversity of plants that cannot easily be preserved as frozen seeds, or in tissue culture. Seeds of many tropical fruit and timber trees do not remain viable long, or put up freezing. Tissue culture techniques do not work, or havent been developed heretofore for some plants. Due to this point, botanical gardens are crucial for the conservation of fidgety plants which must be preserved as living specimens. Other than that, botanical gardens can contribute to the future of agricultural productivity through the plant conservation and the distribution of the many promising but underutilized food, medicinal, industrial crops, and gaga relatives of crops, which are used in plant breeding to impart resistivity to drought, pest and diseases and to adapt crops to other adverse environmental conditions.How do botanical gardens support the plant conservation? What are the roles that played by botanical gardens in plant conservation? In fact, botanical gardens support plant conservation in a variety methods. Botanical gardens play the important roles in plant conservation as they possess collectively accumulated centuries of resources and expertise. Many of these activities are contribute to ex-situ conservation, but botanical gardens also play the important role in in-situ conservation such as involving the education and research and development in plant conservation. Botanical gardens maintain the living collections of plants ex-situ, often displaying plant species under various groupings, to maintain a living store of genetic diversity that can support many activities in plant conservation and research and development activities.The first role of botanical gardens in plant conservation is the horticulture and cultivation functions towards the plants. This is because botanical gardens allows the come apart growth of the endangered plant species with the presence of these functions. With the better growth of plant, our environment also can become better because plants helps to absorb the carbon dioxide when undergo photosynthesis process. This role of botanical gardens can also maintain the plant conservation of genetic diversity ex-situ but in the other way, they also allows plants to be used in restoration and rehabilitation of degraded habitats in-situ. Therefore, we can say that the powerful resources for plant conservation are the botanical gardens research expertise in plant science and horticulture.Next, botanical gardens may implement the research and development (RD) into plant taxonomy and genetics, useful plant properties, efficient seed banking methods, phytochemistry, plant translocation and many more botanical areas that support plant utilization and plant conservation. Due to the increasing of human activity and the climatic change that causing the imbalance of ecosystem and biodiversity, research and development group of botanical gardens is important to carry out the projects that useful for the plant conservation. For example, RD team can implement the experiments to investigate how plants can withstand the degraded and changing environments. After that, apply the shell solution for the plant conservation to improve the sustainable development to our society.In addition, botanical gardens possess the capability to store the seeds or germplasm of plants for future use, research and propagation. This role of botanical gardens is known as the seed banking which is another ex-situ plant conservation that helps to maintain the species of plant and reduce the chance of facing extinction. Seeds must be carefully collected and stored to ensure maximum genetic diversity is retained. To determine the best way of storing the different seeds, much more research and development activities and projects need to be carried out. Hence, we can state that botanical gardens are useful to promote plant conservation and recovery of endangered species of plant.Moreover, the development of education is important for botanical gardens to promote and implement the activities to plant conservation. This is because education is the historic strength of botanical gardens which allowing them to communicate the importance and significance of conserving plants to a more diverse audience. Through the educational resources, the plant conservation and biodiversity education efforts can be improved because these educational resources can help to explicate publics about the importance of plant conservation by demonstrating the ways it might be achieved.Furthermore, botanical gardens can be the linkage to connect the plants with the well-being of human being. This role of botanical gardens directly aid to conserve the endemic and local knowledge towards the plant conservation. Other than that, this linkage also encourages the sustainable use of plant resources for the benefit of all, as part of sustainable development. Additionally, botanical gardens also serves as the link between botanical research and public awareness of the significance and importance of plant conservation. There are over 100 million people a year visit the botanical gardens throughout the world. This is because botanical gardens provide a convenient visual public figure of the beauty and value of plants. Botanical gardens and other areas which native plants are preserved and managed their natural setting which are commonly known as ex-situ conservation areas. Therefore, the awareness among publics towards the plant conservation can also be increase with the exposure of botanical gardens to them.

Factors Influencing Medical Students in Career Choices

Factors Influencing Medical Students in Career Choices dash on of Factors Influencing Medical Students in their Choice of CareerIntroductionWhat makes medicine much(prenominal) a sort-after line? care for today is a genuinely passing regarded work which is well compensated, provides excellent job credentials and has the opportunity to arrive a positive influence on the lives of some(prenominal) people1.Success in medicine requires hard work and application, both epoch learning and when launching practice2. However, it brings great rewards in terms of job satis situationion and the range of charge opportunities within the profession3. Learning ab bulge out and practicing medicine is too rattling pleasing, involving as it does a blend of human interactions and applied science2. The environment in which contrary types of medicine are practiced is rich and diverse and obviously continually changing, and secures continue to learn throughout their working lives.That is wh y the students interested in medicine should name the capacity for, and interest in, a lifetime of learning about this fascinating opened. To get the most(prenominal) out of the course a student need to be a keen scientist, with a cash in ones chips scientific understanding and determination and in any case an ability to cope up with the demands and pressures of early clinical training3. still are they actually aware of the tall demands of this prestigious professional course Do they have a pictorial understanding of what a passage in medicine entrust touch on? We often wonder, is it the genuine passion for the subject and the genuine interest to be of service to the mankind that make students do medicine or is it nonwithstanding their parents This make gives us the opportunity to find out the factors that drove students to do medicine.If choosing the checkup examination examination profession is non hard enough, medical students have an withal bigger hurdle fort h of them, which is choosing their line of specialisation. Many factors affect the life history choices of graduating medicalstudents. Influences such as strong mentors, formativeacademic and non-academic experiences, and life story counselingcan all garter aspire physicians select their particular careers4.Similarly, market trends, self-perception of strengths and weaknesses,and anticipated lifestyle can also affect career choice5.It has often been questioned, is gender really an issue? Does currency influence ones decisions? Or is it disputation? A boastful number of specialising field and all over 50 career options are available in medicine, ensure a medical graduate of finding a profession. But how many medical students are actually aware of these career options?As mentioned earlier, medical profession brings great rewards in terms of job satisfaction and a variety of career opportunities. However, like any job, there are separate of a doctors work that are frustrating, undesirable, and even repetitive or boring. Studies parade that doctors work far much hours than the average U.S. professional and cope with large amounts of stress and pressure6. Managed care has made it more(prenominal) difficult for U.S doctors to practice as they see fit and limit the amount of time that they can pass away with patients. In fact, for some doctors, the upsides of the profession arent worth the sacrifice and hassles of the modern health-care environment4. This has strike to doctors with long and potentially bright careers to hang up their stethoscopes and quit But is this the case when it comes to medical students in India? What makes them leave medicine despite the fact that theres a shortage of doctors making a ratio of one doctor per 1,634 people in India which is considered to be extremely below the ideal banal of doctor-people ratio?7,8Medical students attitude towards various clinical field and impart graduation has been a major focus of study in the U.S as well as in the United Kingdom, yet there have been very fewer studies and checks done on the career choices of Indian medical students. Hence, little is known about career intentions or attitudes of medical students in India. This study aims to reporton the career intentions and attitudes of first and second twelvemonth medical students. It gives us the opportunity to discover the factors that influence the medical students on their career choices. The study also shows how moving-picture show to more clinically oriented medical professions will affect the choice of careers in medical students.Aims and ObjectivesThe study aims to find out factors that influence the choice of career of medical studentsObjectivesTo find out the reasons for students to take up medicine as a course of pull ahead studies.To equalise career intentions of initiatory yr medical students, early in their training, with second category medical students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, in r elation to various socio-demographic correlates.To compare findings from the second grade softwood with those from a akin survey conducted on the akin batch last course.MethodologyWe conducted a survey in the study place of KMC Mangalore with the total study population of 393 MBBS students, which consisted of 216 foremost yr and 177 second social class students. It was a cross sectional study which lasted from the dates of skirt 7th to March 14th, 2008.Data was collected through a pilot burner studied semi-structured questionnaire. The outline of the questionnaire was designed after referring to questionnaires used in similar studies like ours. Certain changes such as clearing any non-specific questions and adding more questions which searched relevant to our study were made.Permission was obtained from the Associate Dean Dr. M.V. Prabhu and respective teachers. and so questionnaires were given out to consenting students.Collected data was tabulated and analyzed by usi ng SPSS version 10 software. Results obtained were presented on tables and graphs wherever appropriate. Lastly the foot race of significance was carried out using 2 test on tables in which we thought there would be significant values.ResultsThe total study have was 393 students, comprising of 216 inaugural yr students and 177 second year students. The response rate among the maiden and second year students was 98.18% and one C% respectively.Gender maiden Year (n=216)second Year (n=177) derive (n=393)Male94 (43.5%)103 (58.2%)197 (50.1%)Female117 (54.2%)71 (40.1%)188 (47.8%) offerpone 2 Baseline Characteristics foremost Year (n=216)second Year (n=177)Total (n=393)SchoolingAbroad30 (13.9%)43 (24.3%)73 (18.6%)In Indiaone hundred seventy (78.7%)121 (68.4%)291 (74%)Both16 (7.4%)9 (5.1%)25 (6.4%)Before MBBSSchool121 (56%)95 (50.7%)216 (55%)Degree5 (2.3%)4 (2.25%)9 (2.3%)Dropped68 (31.5%)50 (28.2%)118 (30%)Others19 (8.8%)25 (14.1%)44 (11.2%) mass of the participants have done their s chooling wholly if in India (74%). 55% of the respondents joined directly after school, whereas 30% dropped a year or 2 before joining college. 2.3% of the students had completed a degree prior to joining college.Both 1st year and 2nd year students chose the medical profession because they had a passion for the medical field. It seems that very few 2nd year students were forced by their parents (3.4%) as compared to the 1st year students (4.6%). On the other hand, there are very few students in the 1st year that chose medicine for job security (1.9%) unlike the 2nd year students who had a higher percentage of 15.3%. Job security parents insistence were the most unlikely reasons for 1st year 2nd year students respectively (Table 3).When asked about their future line of plan, had it not been MBBS, more than 100 students who responded in the OTHERS category specified that they would join ONLY MBBS. As expected, most students (37.2%) felt that they would join engineering had they n ot been in MBBS. This may maybe be due to the fact that Mathematics is a compulsory subject during pre-university college. paramedic/Allied Health Sciences were the least sought-after fields which were elect by the 1st 2nd year students respectively (Table 4).Interestingly, ALL 1st year students wanted to chase a PG degree while 4% of the 2nd year students DID NOT want to go in for post graduation mayhap due to the exposure to clinical postings? Both 1st and the 2nd year students seemed widely interested in doing an MD/MS (91.7% 86.4% respectively), with the coterminous popular choice being MRCP/MRCS with save 7.4% 6.2% of 1st 2nd year students considering it . Even with the very little information they have, 86.6% of 1st year students wanted to go in for a clinical field 12.5% of the students could not decide about their choice of career, whereas 0.93% decided for a non-clinical field. Among the 2nd year students, 84.2% of the students decided for a clinical field, 7.9% h aving not decided yet 2.3% for a non-clinical field. This trend of more students opting for a clinical field may be due to the exposure to clinical postings during the 2nd year (Table 5).When asked about spill in for super-specialization, 79.6% of 1st year students 64.4% of 2nd year students answered on the affirmative, 13.4% 25.4% answered against it while 6.9% 10.2% said they had not decided yet (Table 6).The general trend among 1st year students is to take up a career in functioning (40.7%) whereas for 2nd year students it is medicine (24.9%). The least sought after fields are Anaesthesiology for 1st year students ENT for 2nd year students (Table 7).Regarding non-clinical fields, Forensic Medicine is the most electred non-clinical field among 1st years (5.1%) where as post-graduation question is more popular among 2nd years (2.8%) (Table 8).According to the data, there is no significant difference between male and female students choice of career with relation to choosin g a clinical or a non-clinical field. 90.9% of the males 88.5% of the females taking the survey thought it would be a clinical field they would like to watch (Table 9).When asked if there was a chance that the respondents would not be able to pursue the career of their choice, most students felt that Competition remained the major hurdle ahead of them. 27.3% of 1st year students 29.4% of 2nd year students felt that the stiff competition they face would stop them from going in for the career of their choice (Table 10).Majority of the 1st 2nd year students prefer to practice medicine in their own countries, rather than in a foreign country. This may by chance be due to the fact that most relatives kin are in their own country also, due to the possibility of an already functional medical set-up in the family. 33.3% of 1st year 26% of 2nd year students prefer to practice abroad, 5 of 2nd year students said they would leave medicine, only when still stay in the country (Tables 11a 11b).It is seen that among all the respondents, 205 resident Indians, forming 52.16% of the students prefer to practice in their own country, whereas 25 of them (6.36%) prefer to practice abroad. 70 students (17.81% of students) said they had not decided yet depended on various factors. Among the Malaysians, 18 students (4.58%) prefer their own country, 1 student (0.25%) prefers practising abroad 8 students had not decided yet. 7 non-resident Indians (1.78%) wanted to practise in their own country, 6 students (1.52%) abroad 14 students (3.56%) had not decided yet (Table 12).Most students in 1st year (16.7%) 2nd year (7.3%) feel that if they were to go abroad, it would be due to better prospects available. A better financial reward was the next most popular reason for going abroad, with 10.6% of 1st year 6.8% of 2nd year students feeling so (Table 13).The current trend seems to be favoring multi-specialty hospitals over government hospitals. 50% of 1st year students 49.2 % of 2nd year students preferred multi-specialty hospitals over other options. The next most sought work setting was Government Hospitals for 1st year students whereas it was private practice among 2nd year students (Table 14).For most students in both 1st year (4.6%) 2nd year (7.9%), hectic schedules seem to be the main reason for leaving medicine. Family obligations seem to affect the decisions of 1st year students (3.7%) more than that compared to 2nd year students (1.7%). It also seems as though 2nd year MBBS students are much more concerned with the competition in medicine (2.8%) than the 1st year students, perhaps due to more exposure to clinical fields (Table 15).Interestingly, exposure to clinically oriented medical profession has DECREASED the students interest to pursue further studies as well as choose a clinical field Whereas 98% of 1st year students wanted to pursue a post-graduation course, only 94.4% of 2nd year students chose to go in for a post-graduation. Also, wh ile 89.9% of 1st year students wanted to go in for a clinical field, only 84.2% of 2nd year students wanted to go in for a career in a clinically oriented field a very interesting find (Table 16).There seem to be a high-powered shift in the career choice of the 2nd year MBBS students of the 2006 batch after clinical exposure. About a quarter of the students presently in 2nd year are inclined towards general medicine, compared to just 15.6% of the same students before clinical exposure. On the other hand, figures for a career in surgery have come down from 33.2% to 21.5% after clinics. Interest in pediatrics has also increased almost two-fold after clinical exposure (Table 17).Table 3What drove students to choose medicine?1st year2nd yearTotalPassion for Medical Science96 (44.4%)91 (51.4%)187 (47.6%)Inspired by Family Members40 (18.5%)37 (20.9%)77 (19.6%)To help the Community48 (22.2%)25 (14.1%)73 (18.6%)Forced by Parents10 (4.6%)6 (3.4%)16 (4.1%)Job Security4 (1.9%)27 (15.3%)31 (7 .9%)Prestigious Profession36 (16.7%)30 (16.9%)66 (16.8%)Others8 (3.7%)13 (7.3%)21 (5.3%)Table 4If not MBBS?1st Year (n=216)2nd Year (n=177)Total (n=393)Dental19 (8.8%)21 (11.9%)40 (10.2%)Paramedical/Allied HealthSciences11 (5.1%)7 (4%)18 (4.6%)Engineering84 (38.9%)62 (35%)146 (37.2%)Others95 (44%)77 (43.6%)172 (43.8%)Table 5 Post-graduation1st year MBBS2nd year MBBSTotalPost-graduationYes214 (99.1%)167 (94.4%)381 (96.9%)No0 (0%)7 (4%)7 (1.8%)p=0.0034,highly significantChoice of degreeMD/MS198 (91.7%)153 (86.4%)351 (89.3%) parchment1 (0.46%)1 (0.56%)2 (0.51%)DNB1 (0.46%)5 (2.8%)6 (1.5%)MRCP/MRCS16 (7.4%)11 (6.2%)27 (6.9%)2=3.935, p=0.268Table 6 succeeding(a) career intentions1st Year (n=216)2nd Year (n=177)Total (n=393)clinical Field187 (86.6%)149 (84.2%)336 (85.5%)Non- Clinical Field2 (0 .93%)4 (2.3%)6 (1.5%)not Decided27 (12.5%)14 (7.9%)33 (8.4%)2=.456, p=0.499, not significantSuper specializationYes172 (79.6%)114 (64.4%)286 (72.8%)No29 (13.4%)4 (25.4%)74 (18.8%)Not Decided15 (6.9 %)18 (10.2%)33 (8.4%)2= 13.489, p=0.0012, highly significantTable 7Preference for a profession in a CLINICAL Field1st year MBBS2nd year MBBSTotalRadiology27 (12.5%)